Bonaparte, on becoming first consul, confirmed him as commander-in-chief, and Toussaint succeeded in freeing the island from the English. He introduced order and discipline into the government, and under his sway the colony advanced, as if by enchantment, towards its ancient splendor. The lands were again put under cultivation; all the people appeared to be happy, and considered Toussaint as their guardian angel; both blacks and whites regarded him with esteem and confidence.

The general enthusiasm which he had excited was sufficient to instil vanity into the strongest mind, and he had some excuse for saying he was the Bonaparte of St. Domingo! He had in early life stored his memory with an incoherent jumble of Latin phrases from the psalter, of which he made a whimsical use after his elevation. Sometimes a negro or mulatto would apply to be made a magistrate or judge: "Certainly," he would reply ;-"you understand Latin, of course?"-"No, General."-"How!-wish to be a magistrate, and not know Latin!"—and then he would pour forth a torrent of Latin jargon, which sent the sable candidate away with the opinion that the general was a most portentous scholar. The prosperity of the colony was unfortunately of short continuance. After the peace of Amiens, Bonaparte, urged on by the expelled planters and mercantile speculators, determined to recover the colony, reinstate the former proprietors and subjugate the emancipated slaves. For this purpose he despatched his brother-in-law, General Le Clerc, with a force of twenty-five thousand

On the appearance of the fleet in the bay of Samana, Toussaint exclaimed, "We shall all perish;-all France is come to St. Domingo." The army landed, and several desperate battles were fought. Le Clerc at last found himself under the necessity of proclaiming liberty and equality to all the inhabitants, with the reservation, however, of the approval of the French governThe negroes, tired of the war, deserted their leaders, and a treaty of peace was concluded, by which the sovereignty of France over the island was acknowledged and a general amnesty granted. In direct violation of this agreement, Toussaint was seized by Le Clerc and carried to France, where he died in prison.

This outrage on the person of their favorite chief exasperated the blacks to a high degree. They flew to arms, and organized themselves under leaders, among whom Dessalines and Christophe soon became conspicuous. They spread slaughter and devastation among the French, who could offer little resistance against them on account of the excessive heat of the summer-1802. Le Clerc and most of his officers were attacked by sickness, and all the reinforcements sent from France suffered successively from

the pestilence. Yet they continued to practise great barbarities towards the unfortunate blacks. In the midst of these scenes of horror, Le Clerc died, and the command devolved on General Rochambeau, who fought several battles with varied success; but the losses sustained in these actions, added to disease, reduced the French to the necessity of shutting themselves up in their strong holds, while the blacks were daily increasing in number and confidence. By the end of the year 1802, no less than forty thousand Frenchmen had perished.

Dessalines, now commander-in-chief of the negro army, advanced to the plain of Cape François, to besiege the French in their head-quarters. A bloody battle followed, in which neither could claim the victory. The French were said to have tortured their prisoners, and then put to death five hundred of them. Dessalines, hearing of this, caused five hundred gibbets to be erected, and after selecting all the French officers, made up the number out of the other prisoners, and hung them up at break of day in sight of the French army. The misery of the French was completed by the breaking out of the war with England, in 1803. A British squadron blockaded Cape François; the town was reduced by famine, and Rochambeau surrendered at the end of the year.

On the first of January, 1804, the independence of the island was formally proclaimed, and it resumed its aboriginal name of Hayti. Jean Jacques Dessalines was appointed governor-general for life. His first act was to encourage the return of those blacks who had taken refuge in the United States. He next excited the people to a horrible massacre of the whites, which took place on the 28th of April. By a series of cruelties and perfidies he got rid of all whom he conceived to be his enemies, and on the 8th October, 1804, procured a Capuchin missionary to crown him emperor, by the name of Jacques I. On this occasion he signed a constitution declaring the empire of Hayti to be a free, sovereign and independent state. It proclaimed the abolition of slavery, the equality of rank, the equal operation of the laws, the inviolability of property, &c. Under this government the island rapidly advanced to prosperity. Dessalines, though a cruel and sanguinary tyrant, was not without skill in the art of government. When emperor, he appointed his ancient master to the office of butler to his household, which he said was precisely what the old man wished for, as his love for wine made up for the abstemiousness of Dessalines, who drank only water.

Dessalines closed his bloody career on the 17th October, 1806, being assassinated by the mulatto soldiers of Petion. At his death Christophe was called to the head of the government, and a con

tution projected which should guarantee the safety of persons and property. A proclamation was issued, denouncing the crimes of which Dessalines had been guilty, and, among other things, accused him of having robbed the public treasury of twenty thousand dollars for each of his twenty mistresses. Christophe, however, deplored the fate of Dessalines, and affirmed that he had been put to death by the mulattoes without inquiry into his conduct. The blacks, always jealous of the mulattoes, attacked Petion, who with his adherents escaped into the southern and western districts, where a new constitution was prepared, and on the 27th December, 1806, Petion was proclaimed president of the republic of Hayti. A civil war now sprang up between the partisans of the two chiefs, till at length, by a sort of tacit agreement, the mulatto president fixed himself in the south and west, while Christophe established himself in the north, where, on the 2d of June, 1811, the royal crown was placed on his head and he was proclaimed Henry I., king of Hayti.

King Henry established his court and government in all the pomp of an European monarchy. He maintained an army of twenty-five thousand men. He created orders of nobility, with princes, dukes, earls, barons and chevaliers, knights of the grand cross, &c. He set up a sort of feudal system, partitioning out the vacant lands among his retainers. He founded a royal college, established schools, endowed an academy for music and painting, built a theatre, patronised the arts, and encouraged magnificence in dress. He was born a slave in the island of St. Christopher's, from whence he took his original name; yet his literary acquirements were respectable, and he spoke French and English well. The country prospered under his administration, and for a time he ruled in tranquillity.

Petion, the president of the republic, was a native mulatto of the island, and received an education at the military academy of Paris. His manners were shy, but his disposition was gentle and conciliatory. He appears to have governed with equity and noderation, and enjoyed the full confidence of his people. He was evidently much superior to the men by whom he was surrounded; and it is believed that he died of chagrin, on finding his schemes of philanthropy and political improvements impracticable among the barbarous population of Hayti. His death took place in 1818. He was succeeded by Jean Pierre Boyer, who is still at the head of the government.

Christophe reigned nine years; but, in the midst of apparent peace and prosperity, he lived in continual suspicion of plots against his life. He distrusted his officers and the persons about

him. His palace was defended with all possible care, and he never journeyed without strict precautions for his safety, carrying loaded pistols, and surrounding himself with his body-guard. His fears were not entirely groundless; numerous circumstances had diminished his popularity, and prepared the way for his downfall. He became severe, arbitrary and tyrannical; he no longer consulted his nobles and principal officers on public affairs; he displaced and degraded them, from ill-humor and caprice, and at length losing all the affections and confidence of his people, he became as much the object of their dread as he had formerly been of their admiration. At length, a burst of passion impelled him to order a barbarous massacre of a number of mulatto women. This extinguished the last spark of attachment that lingered in the breast of the people. A mutiny of the soldiers broke out shortly afterwards. Christophe gave orders to put the ringleaders to death. The soldiery, instead of executing this order, took sides with the mutineers, and Christophe, in despair, shot himself through the head with a pistol, in October, 1820.

This was the end of the Haytian monarchy. An attempt indeed was made by the conspirators to maintain the old government, and one of Christophe's nobles, Romaine, the prince of Limbé, endeavored to get himself proclaimed king. He was foiled in his attempt, and the people invited Boyer into their territory. Boyer marched to Cape François, at the head of twenty thousand men, and was proclaimed the sole authorized chief of Hayti. The Spanish portion of the island voluntarily placed itself under his government in 1821. Since this event the three governments have remained united. In 1825, a treaty was concluded with France, by which the independence of Hayti was acknowledged on condition of the payment of one hundred and fifty millions of francs, in five annual instalments. This treaty has been censured as imprudent and highly prejudicial to the Haytians, by draining their country of an enormous sum of money, which they could not pay without the most ruinous sacrifices, and for which they received no equivalent. Hayti, at present, has little commerce, but being free from intestine commotions, the island may in time recover a portion of its former prosperity. A fatality, however, seems to hang constantly over this fair territory. On the 7th day of May, 1842, the whole island was shaken by an earthquake, which destroyed the town of Cape Haylien, formerly Cape François, with ten thousand inhabitants, leaving scarcely a third of the population remaining.

SPANISH SETTLEMENTS.

CHAPTER XX.

PERU.-Insurrection of Tupac Amaru.-Character of this leader.-His attempts in favor of the Peruvians.-Becomes the patron of the Indians.—Apprehensions of the Spaniards.—Commencement of the insurrection.-Trial and execution of Arriaga.-Policy of Tupac Amaru.—Conquest of Quispicancha by the Indians.— They advance upon Cuzco.-Battle of Sangarara.-Slaughter of the Spaniards. -Triumphs of Tupac.-He assumes the crown of Peru.-Expedition against Puno.-Defeat of the Indians.-Siege of Puno.-Invasion of Chucuito.—Adventures of Tomas Catari.-Rebellion in Chayanta.—Arrival of a Spanish army from Buenos Ayres.-Defeat of the Indians.-Cruelties of the Spaniards.— Oruro taken and plundered by the Indians.—Furious excesses of the insurgents. -War of extermination.—The whole of Peru raised in arms.—Tupac marches upon Cuzco.-Defence of the city by the cacique Pomacagua.-The siege of Cuzco raised.-Retreat of Tupac.

THE native Peruvians, after their subjugation, quietly submitted, for more than two centuries, to the yoke of their conquerors. To a casual observer, all memory of their ancient independence and the glories of the empire of Manco Capac appeared to be lost. But toward the close of the eighteenth century, events occurred, which proved, in the most striking manner, that the national spirit was not extinct among the Peruvians, nor the remembrance of their better days entirely out of their thoughts. Groaning under the severest bondage, their minds still dwelt upon the days of their independence, and they wanted only a leader to encourage them to burst their fetters, and rise in rebellion against their tyrannical masters.

Such a leader they found in Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, commonly known by the name of Tupac Amaru, which he took upon himself by right of his maternal descent from the Inca of that name, the last of the sovereigns of Peru, put to death by the Spaniards. This celebrated individual first attracted attention in Peru, by assuming the Peruvian name, proving his descent from Manco Capac, and urging his pretensions, before the court of Lima, to the vacant marquisate of Oropesa, which had been granted to Sayri Tupac, his ancestor. Of a noble physiognomy and a robust frame, vast designs, vehement passions, firmness of enterprise, and intrepidity amid dangers, but with only the imperfect education which he could acquire by a few years' study at the colleges of Cuzco and Lima, he conceived the bold design of