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14. C. Oakesiana, Tuckerm. Th. subcoriaceous, foliaceous, depressed, linear-laciniate, from green becoming yellow; fuscous on the under side, with scattered coarse fuscous fibres; laciniæ plane, with elevated, black-ciliate (or more commonly pulverulent) margins; apoth. marginal, elevated, rufous-fuscous, somewhat entire. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 445.

Trees and rocks in mountain forests, New England; fertile.

15. C. viridis, Schwein. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, round. lobed, lacunose-reticulate, glaucous-green; pale yellow on the under side; margins waved, black-denticulate; apoth. chestnut-brown, with an inflexed, lobate-dentate margin. Schwein. in Hals. Lich. N. Y. l. c. P. 16.

Cedars, Massachusetts. New York, Halsey. Certainly very near the next; and the Massachusetts Lichen here referred to it is perhaps nothing but a state of C. juniperina, p.

16. C. juniperina, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, ascendant, sublacunose, lacerate-laciniate, bright yellow; on the under side subreticulate, of the same color; laciniæ concave, crisped, black-denticulate; apoth. adnate to the lobes in front, disk fuscous, margin crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 40. C. juniperina, Ach. Syn. p. 226, & C. Tilesii, Ach.! Syn. p. 228. ß. virescens, Tuckerm.; glaucous-green becoming pale yellowish, pale beneath.

On trees, and on the earth, Arctic America, Rich., Hook.! cedars and other trees, and rails, on the coast of Massachusetts, Russell! and southward to New York, Torrey, and Pennsylvania, Muhl. Our can be compared only with the low-country Lichen of the North of Europe, from which it appears to differ as described. The alpine European forms, and our own arctic ones, recede variously from this type.

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17. C. pinastri, Sommerf. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, depressed, round-lobed, greenish-yellow; laciniæ plane, not denticulate (with crisped and powdery margins in the sterile plant); apoth. marginal, disk yellowish-brown, margin obtuse.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 40. C. juniperina, ß. pinastri, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

Subalpine shrubs and rocks; also trees in mountain woods and swamps, infertile; New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

V. NEPHROMA, Ach.

Apothecia reniform, plane, not velate, adnate to the under side of the thallus, with an elevated thalline margin. Thallus membranaceous, softish, somewhat villous on the under side.

Nephroma is constituted a section of Peltigera in the Lichenographia of Fries, but in his Flora Scanica, 1835, and his Summa Fl. Scand. 1845, these genera are recognized as distinct; as they are also by Montagne. Feé (Crypt. Exot. Suppl. p. 8) remarks that they differ also

in their thecæ.

1. N. arcticum, Fr. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, smooth, ochroleucous; on the under side subvillous, becoming black; fertile lobules somewhat elongated, erectish; apothecia dark orange-red. Peltigera arctica, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 42. N. polaris, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

Rocks among mosses, and on dwarf firs, in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains, fertile. Abundant in Newfoundland, and forming patches of two or three feet in extent, Pylaie! in herb. Kunth. Northward to Greenland, Brasen (Fl. Dan.), and elsewhere in Arctic America, Rich.

2. N. resupinatum, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, smooth, from glaucous becoming fuscescent; pale and downy on the under side, which is sparingly besprinkled with whitish soredia ; apoth. rufous-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 241.

Trunks, often of mountain ash, in mountain forests, luxuriant and fertile; New England. New York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich. Darker on rocks, where it is frequently quite small.

3. N. parile, Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbiculate, softish, livid-fuscous; on the under side naked, rugulose, dark; (the lacinia often sorediiferous, and pulverulent at the margins), fertile lobules short; apoth. dark-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 242.

Rocks. White Mountains, not uncommon. Oakes.

Fertile.

And on the coast, Mr.

4. N. Helveticum, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, somewhat rigid, glaucous-fuscescent; on the under side tomentose, becoming black; margins of the lobes and of the apothecia fimbriate-toothed; fertile lobules somewhat elongated; apoth. blackish. Ach. Syn. p. 242.

Trees and rocks, fertile, New England. A small rock-form occurs (N. aspera, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.), analogous to a similar one of N. resupinatum.

VI. PELTIGERA, Hoffm.

Apothecia orbiculate, peltæform, plane, adnate to the upper side of elongated lobes of the thallus, or more rarely marginal; with a thin margin of the thallus. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, venose on the under side.

1. P. malacea, Ach. Thallus spongy, soft, smooth, round-lobed, fuscous-cinerascent, clothed on the under side with a dense blackish tomentum becoming white towards the margins; apothecia ascendant, rounded, margin crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Mountainous districts; on the earth and on shrub firs near the limit of trees, and on rocks at lower elevations, White Mountains.

2. P. aphthosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, smooth, besprinkled with warts, bright green (and glaucescent); reticulated with blackish veins, and fibrillose on the under side; apoth. large, ascendant, round, with a somewhat lacerate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Rocks among mosses, and on the earth. Common in mountain forests; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie; and Arctic America, Rich., R. Br.

3. P. canina, Hoffm. Th. membranaceous, flaccid, scrobiculate, subtomentose, fuscous-green (and cinerascent, and hoary); the under side whitish and reticulated with pale fuscous veins; apoth. ascendant, rounded, at length semi-revolute, vertical. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 45.

On the earth, rocks, and mossy trunks, common in New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Greenland, Gieseke.

4. P. rufescens, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, soft, subtomentose, cinereous-virescent (and cinereous, and rufescent); fuscous-fibrillose on the under side, and reticulated with black-fuscous veins; lobes rather narrow, with elevated and crisped margins; apoth. at length vertical, oblong, revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. Peltidea spuria, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.

On the earth, rocks, and trunks among mosses; New England: Thallus smaller and thicker than in the last.

5. P. polydactyla, Hoffm. Th. papyraceous, very smooth, shining, plumbeous-virescent (and gray), on the under side almost naked, reticulated with spongy fuscous veins; (fertile lobules often very numerous ;) apoth. ascending, finally revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. — ß. scutata, Fr.; margins often crisped (or powdery); apoth. at first transversely oblong, at length erect and revolute. Fr. l. c. Peltidea scutata, Ach.

Rocks and trunks among mosses, abundant in mountain forests; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. The variety may be taken for the next species, which has a different thallus. P. reticulata, Hook. ms. (herb. Borr. !), from the Northwest Coast, is near this, but apparently a distinct species. I have not seen the description.

6. P. horizontalis, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, lacunulose, smooth, fuscous-virescent; the under side reticulated with black veins; apoth. transversely oblong, plane, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 47.

Rocks and trunks, among mosses, less common than the last; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Margins of the thallus sometimes crisped,and the under side scarcely venose (var. lophyra, Ach.).

7. P. venosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous (small), fan-shaped, simple, green (and cinereous); white on the under side, and variegated with fuscous-black, divaricately branched veins; apoth. adnate to the thallus, round, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48.

On the earth, in woods. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey ! Northwest Coast, Menzies!

VII. SOLORINA, Ach.

Apothecia suborbiculate, depressed, adnate to the disk of the thallus, covered originally with a thin membrane, which forms at length an evanescent margin,' subgelatinous within.' Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, foliaceous, venose or lanuginous beneath.

Eschweiler (Syst. p. 21, & Lich. Brasil. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1833, p. 60) considers this genus very distinct from Peltigera in the peculiar evolution of its apothecia. The apothecia of some species of Peltigera are indeed velate, and this is the case with nearly all, according to Fries; but these groups differ also in their thecæ, as shown by Eschweiler and by Feé, and in a somewhat different habit. Montagne (Bot. Zeitung,

1, p. 476), Flotow (Ibid. p. 613), Feé (Crypt. Exot. l. c.), and J. D. Hooker (Lich. Antarct. in Hook. Jour. Bot.) have enlarged the present genus by the addition of some interesting tropical and other species.

1. S. crocea, Ach. Thallus coriaceous, lobed, obscurely green becoming cinnamon-colored; on the under side saffron-colored, with rather obscure, branched, anastomosing veins; apothecia applanate, immarginate, dark-chestnut. Ach. Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48. On the earth, Arctic America. Greenland, Dill. North of Point Lake, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !).

2. S. saccata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, from green becoming greenish-cinerascent; on the under side whitish and fibrillose; apoth. applanate, finally saccate-depressed, blackish-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 49.

Rocks (limestone), New York, B. D. Greene, Esq. Newfoundland, Pylaie. Northward to Bear Lake, Herb. Hook.! Solorina orbiculata, Menz. herb.! from the Pacific coast, appeared to me a distinct, but I believe it is an undescribed species.

VIII. STICTA, Ach.

Apothecia scutelliform, adnate to the margin or disk of the thallus, somewhat oblique, the margin free beneath. Disk at first closed, nucleiform; becoming at length elevated and explanate. Thallus expanded from a centre, foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilagineous, lobate, villous on the under side, and having on this side small, regular urceolate cavities (cyphella), or where these are wanting soredia, or discolored spots.

A mostly tropical genus, with many West Indian and South American species, some of which are represented in the extreme southern parts of the United States.

1. S. aurata, Ach. Thallus subcoriaceous, reddish-brick-colored; on the under side lanuginous, reddish-yellow at the circumference, and besprinkled with small, irregular, often sorediiform, yellow cyphellæ ; laciniæ rounded, sinuate-cut, the margins undulate, crisped, and yellowpulverulent; apothecia marginal, disk plane, fuscous-red, margin inflexed.' Delis. Stict. p. 49.

Among mosses on rocks and trees. (Southern States! and Texas! infertile.) Ohio? The Southern Lichen probably occurs within our limits.

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