similar places, fertile; and abundant also in mountainous districts;7, alpine and subalpine regions; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania (a and 8), Muhl. Canada (3), Michaux.

21. C. Boryi, Tuckerm. Th. (crustaceous) evanescent; podetia turgid, fruticulose, dichotomous, fastigiate-ramose, rugulose becoming reticulate-perforate, pale sulphureous and glaucescent; axils scyphiform, entire, at length cribrose-perforate; sterile apices scyphiform, cristate-dentate, entire becoming cribrose, with fuscous tips; fertile ones somewhat cymose-radiate; apoth. flesh-colored, at length darkfuscous. C uncialis, var. reticulata, Russell, in Essex Jour. Nat. Hist. Tuckerm. Enum. Lich. N. Amer. p. 53, excl. syn. —ß. lacunosa; podetia incrassated, obtusish, lacunose-subperforate, glaucous; axils and apices scarcely scyphiform, sparingly subdentate. Cenomyce lacunosa, Bory, fide sched. in herb. Berol.

On the earth, near the sea, fertile ; Hingham, Duxbury, Mr. Russell! and elsewhere on the coast of Massachusetts, Dr. Porter! Mr. Oakes! -ß, alpine and montane districts, infertile; White Mountains. Monadnoc, Russell! Newfoundland, Bory! I have endeavoured to point out the features that seem to distinguish this remarkable Lichen from C. uncialis, but it is possible that the conclusion of its original indicator may be correct. The podetia become very turgid, and at length often explanate, measuring in one of my specimens eight lines in diameter at the base, and five where the branches begin. The Newfoundland specimen, and our alpine ones, belong to an apparently sterile, subalpine state of the Lichen.

Series 4. Coccifera, Fr. Podetia greenish, becoming fulvescent at the base. Apothecia scarlet.

Podetia cartilagineous-corticate, never finely pulverulent. 22. C. cornucopioides, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cartilagineouscorticate, from glabrous becoming verrucose or granulate-subpulverulent, yellowish, at length cinereous-green; the scyphiferous ones elongated-turbinate, attenuate below; scyphi cyathiform, dilated; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 236. Lichen cornucopioides, L. Fl. Suec. Cenomyce coccifera, Ach. Cladonia, Hoffm. Floerk.! Clad. p. 89. Lichen cocciferus, L. part. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. tt. 23, 24, 25. On the earth. Very frequent in mountainous districts, but often infertile; New England. New York, Torrey.. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to the Saskatchawan, &c., Rich., and Greenland, Gieseke.

23. C. bellidiflora, Schær. Th. of minute, dissected squamules; podetia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, ventricose-cylindrical, glabrous, becoming at length densely clothed with dissected squamules, yellowish, at length cinereous-green; scyphi extremely narrow; apoth. (often conglomerate, or symphycarpeous), scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 237. Schar.! Spicil. p. 21.. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 95.

On the earth, in alpine districts; White Mountains. Greenland, Floerke.

24. C. Hookeri, Tuckerm. Th. of rather thick, large, ascendant squamules; podetia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, cylindrical, glabrous, becoming at length squamulose, sulphur-yellow; scyphi cupulaæform; apoth. scarlet.

On the earth; Newfoundland, Herb. Hook.! This beautiful species resembles C. deformis in some respects, but belongs to the present subdivision, and seems very distinct from every other scarlet-fruited Cladonia with which I am acquainted. I venture to inscribe it to the illustrious botanist who first proposed a complete survey of the cryptogamy of British America, and who has done more than any other to illustrate it.

25. C. Floerkiana, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cartilagineouscorticate, cylindrical, slender, glabrous, becoming at length granulateverrucose or squamose-decorticate, greenish and pallescent, nigrescent at the base; scyphi passing into somewhat digitate, fastigiate branches; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 238. Floerk. Clad. p. 99. Lichen digitatus, E. Bot. t. 2439. ICONES, Dill. Musc. t. 15, f. 19, c. Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 14, d.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks, common and fertile; New England.

** Epidermis of the podetia membranaceous, dissolving into a fine

dust.

26. C. macilenta, Hoffm. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical, slender, membranaceous-corticate above, becoming hoary-pulverulent; scyphi narrow, tubæform with an erect margin, or obsolete; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 241.— a. filiformis, Fr. ; podetia very slender; scyphus narrow, entire, or obliterated by a symphycarpeous apothecium. Fr. l. c. C. filiformis, Scher.! Spicil. p. 19. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. Cenomyce bacillaris, Ach. C. polydactyla, Floerk.!

Clad. p. 108. -ß. clavata, Fr.; podetia ventricose, subulate at the apices or branched, substerile. Fr. 1. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks; common in mountainous districts, and fertile; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Ochrocarpous states of this species, in which the bright scarlet of the apothecia is changed to a pale yellow, occur in our mountains, but less frequently than similar forms of C. Floerkiana.

27. C. digitata, Hoffin. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical, becoming ochroleucous-pulverulent above; scyphi narrowed, with an incurved, entire margin, becoming at length ampliate, and the margin somewhat proliferous-palmate; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 240. Schar.! Spicil. p. 22. Floerk.! Clad. p. 102. Lichen digitatus, L. ICON, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 15, 16. a. platyphyllina; lobules of the thallus dilated, somewhat entire; scyphi mostly entire. Fr. l. c. B. microphyllina; squamules of the thallus rather small; scyphi mostly palmate-ramose. Fr. l. c.

Decaying trunks, and moist earth among mosses, in mountainous districts, fertile; New England.

28. C. deformis, Hoffm. Th. squamulose; podetia elongated, cylindrical or ventricose, becoming sulphureous-pulverulent above; scyphi somewhat narrow, becoming at length cupulæform and dilated, with an erect, crenate-dentate margin; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 239. Schar.! Spicil. p. 23. C. crenulata, Floerk. ! Clad. p. 105.

On the earth, common upon mountains, a conspicuous Lichen, fertile; New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich. Greenland, Floerke.

29. C. sulphurina, Michx. (sub Scyphoph.). Podetia simple, at first very simply and slightly scyphiform, thick, submembranaceous, at length subclavate-elongated, smooth, the apices finally irregularly subdivided, and rimose-perforate, hoary-sulphureous; fertile scyphi small; apoth. confluent, black-fuscous. Scyphophorus sulphurinus, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 328. Cenomyce, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 557. Ach. Syn. p. 265.

On the earth, Canada, Michaux! Fries. This is the "Lichen cocciferus; major, Dill. t. 14, f. 6, M," of Michaux's herbarium, the specimens appearing to me, at the time I examined them, to resemble some states of C. deformis. Fries observes incidentally (Lichenogr. p. 237) upon Canada specimens (' specimina authentica Canadensia ') of Michaux's Lichen, that the podetia do not become squamulose, that it has

infundibuliform and not true scyphi, and much of the habit of C. uncialis; thus distinguishing it from C. bellidiflora, to which Floerke referred it. It is probable that the "Bæomyces tubulosus, Richard. Canada," of Herb. Willd.! which also appeared to me to resemble C. deformis, belongs to Michaux's species, and in this case the thallus is squamulose, and the podetia are finely pulverulent above. It appears certain that the C. sulphurina of Fries is not the C. Hookeri of this Enumeration. The species is also common in North Carolina, according to Fries, who received his specimens from Schweinitz.

XIV. BEOMYCES, Fr.

Apothecia from the first globose, immarginate, velate, at length empty and araneous within, the base closely surrounding a stipe. Thallus crustaceous, uniform, protruding fertile stipes, which are destitute of a cortical stratum.

The structure of Bæomyces roseus has been illustrated very minutely by Dr. Küttlinger (Allg. Bot. Zeit. 1845, pp. 577-584, & t. vi.).

B. roseus, Pers. Crust verrucose, glaucous; stipes short, cylindrical; apothecia subglobose, flesh-colored. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 246.

Sterile clay-soils, and sands; New England; and abundant also on the sterile surfaces of slides in the White Mountains. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

XV. BIATORA, Fr.

Apothecia margined at first by a waxy thalline exciple converted into a proper exciple, becoming at length hemispherical or globose, subimmarginate, solid, and cephaloid. Disk at length dilated, turgid, concealing the paler margin, placed upon a stratum oftener paler, never coal-black. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus, somewhat crustaceous, effigurate, or uniform. Podetia wanting, but the apothecia stipitate in a few species. The margin of the apothecia never originally black. Fr.

SECT. I. Thallus squamose, or lobed at the circumference.

Apothecia sessile.

1. B. decipiens, Fr. Scales of the thallus discrete, somewhat peltate, angulate, dark-flesh-colored; beneath and at the circumference

white; apothecia marginal, adnate, somewhat immarginate, blackish, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 252. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 52.

On the earth, especially in alpine districts. Arctic America, Rich. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

2. B. globifera, Fr. Th. squamose, imbricate, greenish-chestnut, somewhat shining; scales reniform, rugose, lobate ; apoth. elevated, globose, somewhat immarginate, from rufous becoming black, whitish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 51. ICON, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 26.

Clefts and depressions of rocks. North America, Ach. Pennsylva. nia, Muhl. New York, Halsey.

3. B. rufo-nigra, Tuckerm. Th. squamose, imbricate, from pale rufous becoming blackish; scales irregularly suborbiculate, ascending, crenate-lobate; apoth. adnate, plane, obtusely margined, atrorufous, at length convex, black. Placodium sp. nov. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. 1838.

Rocks; near Boston. Scales of the thallus small, obscure to the naked eye.

4. B. atro-rufa, Fr. Th. crustaceous, smoothish, adnate, at first contiguous, becoming at length areolate, cinereous-fuscescent; black beneath; at the circumference foliaceous-lobate ; apoth. applanate-adnate, rufous-fuscous, whitish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 200.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains.

** Apothecia stipitate, margin at length revolute.

5. B. placophylla, Fr. Th. subcrustaceous, orbicular, corrugated, glaucous-virescent, at the circumference foliaceous, lobes rounded, and crenate; white beneath; apoth. stipitate, pileiform, rufous-fuscous; stipes thick, compressed, longitudinally rugulose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 257. Bæomyces, Ach. Meth. p. 323, & Icon, t. 7, f. 4. Lich. Univ.

p. 574.

On sandy, sterile earth; slides, and banks of streams, in the White Mountains.

6. B. Byssoides, Fr. Th. crustaceous, effuse, granulose, greenishglaucous, squamulose at the circumference; hypoth. fibrillose, white; apoth. substipitate, pileiform, from filesh-colored becoming fuscous ;