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350 years old. In a story by Grazzini a fante,
giving evil counsel as usual in a love affair, ob-
serves: "Tanto possibile è che alcuna moglie provi
il marito vergine, quanto che gli asini volino "
('Raccolta di Novellieri Italiani,' tom. vii. p. 512,
Torino, 1853).
F. ADAMS.

14, Eastlake Road, Camberwell, S.E.

COFFEE. (See 'Tea,' 8th S. vi. 266).-I enclose an ancient notice of coffee, to match that of tea. In Wood's notice of Conopius, "" a Cretan born," who, as he says, "in November, 1648, was expelled the University by the Barbarians-I mean the Parliamentarian Visitors-and had nothing left to maintain him as a scholar and divine. So that because of the barbarity of such who called themselves Saints, he returned into his own country among the Barbarians, and was made Bishop of Smyrna, commonly called Le Smerne, about the year 1651,"-there is this statement:

"It was observed that while he continued in Ball,

Coll, he made the drink for his own use called Coffey, and usually drank it every morning, being the first, as the antients of that House have informed me, that was ever drank in Oxford."'Athen. Oxon.,' vol. ii. col. 658,

1892.

ED. MARSHALL.

HUFFAM: DICKENS.-The novelist's name in full was Charles John Hoffnam Dickens. So it stands in the Portsea register. Dickens probably did not so sign it a score times in his life. When he did, he spelt Huffham without the second h. In the Times of Aug. 4 the name so spelt and the name of the novelist's son, Mr. H. F. Dickens, Q.C., are brought together in the same column of a law report, though not in the same case-the case being Huffm v. North Staffs Railway Co. Except in Forster's 'Life,' the two names have perhaps never been so close together in print before. W. F. WALler.

BOLIVIAN CUSTOM.-The following extract from the Pall Mall Gazette of Sept. 19 may be thought worthy of insertion in 'N. & Q.' It is taken from one of the articles in that paper upon Jabez Balfour's Diary' during his residence in the Argentine Republic:

"The following cure for the king's evil is said to have been successfully applied to a boy, who is still alive to of Oak ford, who was the seventh son of a seventh son. tell the tale. He paid a visit to a man named Marley, bim to dip a pin's head in it, and strike the wound nine The latter gave him a small box of ointment, and told times each way. He was then to catch a toad, cut off one of its hind legs, put the leg in a calico bag, tie the bag up to the wound, and let the toad go away alive; and as the toad died the wound would heal." The 'Chronicles' were published in 1892. PAUL BIERLEY.

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to the Merchant of Venice,'
"GOD SAVE THE MARK."-In the notes attached
series of Shakespeare's plays, there is the following
"Clarendon Press"
explanation of this phrase (II. ii. 20):—

used as a parenthetic apology for some profane or vulgar
"God bless the mark' or 'Gol save the mark' is
word. So Hotspur in 1 Henry IV.,' I. iii. 56, repre-
sents the courtier as apologizing thus for mentioning
such things as guns and drums and wounds."

is used parenthetically, to be sure, but in no in-
The joint editors are very wide of the mark. It
stance as an apology for the use of profane or
vulgar expletives. It is a phrase which one hears
frequently in Ireland, and the sense in which it is
used exactly tallies with the two Shakespearean
examples. It is employed sarcastically-also, I
culously claimed, or the association of objects
should say, in derisive mockery of pretensions ridi-
diametrically opposed or incongruously related. It
in Liverpool on Sept. 5:—
was used by Mr. Chamberlain in his recent speech

the policy of this party which calls itself an English
"The policy was not a British policy, but since then
party, of this Government which calls itself-Heaven
save the mark !-an English Government."

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IV. Hotspur in the phrase mocks at the very The sense is here apparent as it is in '1 Henry idea of "this popinjay" talking of guns and drums and wounds. Launcelot also uses it sarWords, Facts, and Phrases,' by Eliezer Edwards: castically. I have extracted this explanation from

W. A. HENDERSON.

stition. If a person, on telling the story of some hurt "These words are connected with an old Irish superor injury which another has received, should illustrate bis narrative, by touching the corresponding part of his own, or his hearer's body, he averts the omen of similar "On the 2nd of November he [Balfour] mentions a curi-injury by using as a sort of charm the words, 'God save ous Bolivian custom on All Souls' Day, when 'they erect the mark.'"-P. 2.9. high swings, and old and young swing all day long, in the hope that while they swing they may approach the spirits of their departed friends as they fly from Purgatory to Paradise. Two days later he adds: I have to-day heard another explanation of the Bolivian practice of swinging on All Souls' Day. They swing as high as they can so as to reach the topmost branches of the trees, and whenever they are thereby able to pull off a branch they release a soul from Purgatory.'

A. C. W.

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Dublin.

"IMMUNE."-The British Medical Journal for the week ending Oct. 6 makes use of this word in an article on the antitoxin treatment of diphtheria. It is new to me. C. C. B.

TATTERSALL FAMILY.-Inscriptions on a tomb stone in the churchyard of Northolt or Northall, co. Middlesex, record that Edmund Tattersall, Esq., of Grosvenor Place, St. George's, Hanover Square, died Jan. 23, 1810, aged fifty-two, and his

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MISQUOTATION. In the new edition of Dr. Brewer's Phrase and Fable,' which is now appearing in monthly parts, occurs a curious misquotation from Shakespeare. In illustrating the word "blow," Dr. Brewer quotes a passage from 'Henry V., III. i., as follows:—

But when the blast of war blows in our ears, Let us be tigers in our fierce deportment. How Dr. Brewer could have miequoted this passage seems strange, unless he has quoted from memory. Having in my possession an original edition of the 1608 Quarto, it occurred to me it might have been taken from this edition; but on referring to it, I found the speech in which this passage appears wholly omitted.

MAURICE JONAS.

THE ANCIENT NAME OF EXETER.—In an article in the October number of the Church Monthly, à propos of the meeting of the Church Congress at Exeter, it is stated that the Romans gave that city the name Augusta Brittanorum (sic). There can be no doubt that Isca Damnoniorum was the Roman name of Exeter, and it is unlikely that they ever called it Augusta, which we know in the later days of the empire was their name for London. This is clearly stated by Ammianus Marcellinus, the earliest writer who mentions the appellation, when he says (xxvii. 8): "Egressus tendensque ad Lundinium [the first syllable spelt as we pronounce, though do not write, it now] vetus oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas appellavit." It will be remembered that Pope twice, in his 'Windsor Forest,' calls London by this name, and that Thomson also uses it as a poetical designation of London in the 'Seasons.' That the town called Isca Damnoniorum by the Romans was the one which in subsequent times acquired the name modified into the modern Exeter has been contested, but on very insufficient grounds; and it is not at all likely that it was ever called Augusta. W. T. LYNN. Blackheath, VANISHING LONDON.-From the Echo, Sept. 1:

Very soon there will be little left of Old London in the way of houses. Among numerous historical houses about to be demolished is the old red-brick house at the north-west end of Fulwood's Rents, identified as Squires, the place where in the reign of Charles II, the Mel bourne and Oates Clubs used to meet, and whence many papers in the Spectator are dated. Another is the Goose and Gridiron, London House Yard. During the building of St. Paul's Wien was the zealous Master of the St. Paul's Freemasons' Lodge, which assembled at the Goose

and Gridiron, one of the most ancient lodges in London. He presided regularly at its meetings for upwards of eighteen years. It is said to owe its origin to the following circumstance. The Mitre was a celebrated music house, and when it was turned into a tavern the landlord, to ridicule its former destiny, chose for his sign a goose striking the bars of a gridiron with his foot."

From the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, Sept. 29: "The hands of improvement, which have effaced so many old institutions and buildings in the Metropolis, have now been laid on Dectors' Common, which will cease to exist from to-day. The Vicar-General's office for marriage licenses, located for so many generations at old Doctors' Commons, has been removed to Creed Lane, close by, and next week the work of demolishing the old structure will be commenced. The old archway from St. Paul's Churchyard, with Sir Christopher Wren's house and offices above it, leading to the old Prerogative Will this once familiar and interesting locality will be comOffice, is also doomed to demolition, and in a few months pletely changed in appearance. In recent years a good many changes have been made in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's Cathedral, and several old buildings, rich with old-world associations, have passed into the limbe of things forgotten." JOSEPH COLLINSON.

Wolsingham, co. Durham.

AN OLD KENTISH CUSTOM.-A description of the Battle of Hastings which the late Prof. Freeman would have hesitated to adopt is to be found in the following cutting from a London newspaper of 1700, which also embodies information concerning a Kentish custom, further knowledge upon which would be interesting:

"Last Thursday being the annual Feast of the Natives of the County of Kent, after an excellent Sermon preached at Bow Church by Dr. Ashton of Beckenham, them march'd several in Buff Coats with Bows and they went to dine at Merchant Taylors' Hall. Before Arrows, carrying green Boughs in their Hands, as a Memorial of the Invasion of William the Conqueror, who having slain King Harold with 67,974 Englishmen at Battle in Sussex, marched to Dover Castle, in order to Stigand their A. B. and the Abbot of St. Austin's, assubdue Kent; but the People being encouraged by sembled in the great Woods at Swanscomb, near Gravesend, expecting D. William, with each a green Bough in his Hand; who coming next Day, was amazed to see a Wood marching against him. In this Surprize Prince, the Commons of Kent are come to receive you the two valiant Prelates thus address'd him; Most noble as their Sovereign in Peace, provided they shall for ever enjoy their ancient Customs, Liberties and Estates: If not, they resolve rather to die Free, than to live Slaves. The Conqueror not knowing their numbers consented to their Demands."-English Post, No. 19, Nov. 22-5, 1700. ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

TURNER'S PICTURES.—In addition to my former communication I send you two other criticisms on Turner's pictures. They appear in the Sporting Magazine for May, 1818:

"

Raby Castle, J. M. W. Turner, R.A. This will never do but for a sign of the Green Man upon Blackheath or any other heath; seen at a distance from the top of a stage, it may look like something, but nearer, alas! alas! Now let us look at No. 166: though not a sporting sub

ject we stand amazed and delighted before this Claudelike, noble eca-piece, and question how the same hand can have produced pictures so different in value."-- P. 89. "The Field of Waterloo (or anything else), J. M. W. Turner, R.A. It is really astonishing how Mr. Turner could not see that this daub of real and unpardonable nonsense cannot be called a perform ance worthy of the pencil of an academician. Recipe: Take a rough canvas, or anything else, brush away with all the mingled colours of a mad pallet, as they come; keep a place or two filled up with yellow, red, and blue, and call it anything."-P. 90.

Queries.

ASTARTE.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.

CURIOS. An investigation into the subject of curios which I am directed to make as chairman of a Committee of the Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore, has resulted in nothing at all but a definition of the word in the 'Century Dictionary,' and three clever articles on 'Curious Curios' in Saturday Review, vol. lxviii. No earlier dictionary, no cyclopædia has the word. The Index of 'N. & Q.' does not contain it, and Poole's 'Index' gives only the three papers, above mentioned, on Curious Curios.' Will not some of the readers of N. & Q.' tell where more may be learned about

MARY WILLIS MINOR.

curios?
853, Park Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
[See 'N. E. D.' for quotations.]
BOOK OF RHYMES WANTED.-Can any one
help me to trace a book of rhymes based on well-
known nursery tales, but told in grandiloquent
language?
J. E. F.

FOR

'KILLIGREW'S JESTS; OR, A POCKET COMPANION THE WITS,' 1764. Being interested in Thomas Killigrew, and supposing the above-mentioned work to be ascribed to him, I ordered it from the latest catalogue of that eminent Parisian bookseller M. A. Claudin. I find the book, of which this is the fourth edition, is ascribed to Ferdinando Killigrew, Esq., an obvious pseudonym. It has a frontispiece, showing Charles II. and four courtiers, one of whom is doubtless intended for Tom Killigrew, with the distich :-

Charles and his merry Courtiers here you see Sporting with Wit, and Jest, and Repartee. Poor enough are the contents, which, however, claim, according to the preface, "to promote mirth without offering an Affront to Religion or Morality." It is almost certainly futile to ask if anything is known concerning the book or its editor. Lowndes mentions it under "Jest Books," but does not record the sale of a copy. I fancy it is scarce. I have not previously seen or heard of it. H. T.

OLD SHORTHAND.-Can any of your readers decipher a few shorthand notes on a pedigree in my possession? The shorthand is believed to be that formerly used by students at Newport Pagnell Dissenting College, and may possibly be Rich's system with Doddridge's developments. FREDK. WM. BULL.

Riodene, Kettering.

THOMAS BRIDGE, CLOCKMAKER.-Will any one learned in the history of clock making in this country tell me when Thomas Bridge, of London, made tall clocks, and where he lived? Likewise will such a scholar say what was the epoch of one Quarman (Quarryman or Quatermains), of Temple Cloud, near Bristol, who, like Thomas Bridge, made 0. a tall clock, which now belongs to me?

ISAAC DU HAMEL, CLOCKMAKER.-According to F. J. Britten's 'Former Clock and Watchmakers' "known as (London, 1894), Isaac du Hamel was a maker of bracket clocks, about 1790." A friend of mine, who is the happy possessor of a very fine long case clock by the same craftsman says that the date should be 1690. Is anything else known about him? His shop was in London. L. L. K.

SHELL GROTTO.-While at Margate recently, I saw the shell grotto, with which I was much interested. Beyond a short article in Temple Bar, written in July, 1885, I have been unable to find any account of this so-called grotto. Can any of your readers assist me with information, as to the supposed origin of what appears to me a very interesting relic of bygone ages? A. WINSTANLEY.

FRANCIS ALLEn, the RegicidE.—Is anything known of his parentage and family? He was a citizen and goldsmith of London, and elected Alderman of the Ward of Farringdon Without on Oct. 2, 1649, the House of Commons resolving on Dec. 5, 1649, "that it be left to his own election touching his acceptance of the place of Alderman of the City of London." He was discharged from this office in 1652, without having served as either Sheriff or Lord Mayor. He contested a Parliamentary by-election at Cockermouth, in Cumber land, in April, 1642, and was returned by a second indenture, together with the rival candidate, Sir Thomas Sandford. This second return was, however, sent up by the Sheriff, and Sandford took the seat. Allen petitioned; but owing to the troubles of the times, no report was made from the Committee of Privileges before Dec. 3, 1645, when Sandford's return was declared void and Allen seated. Joining the extreme party in the House, he retained his seat until the dissolution of April, 1653. He was one of the members of the House appointed to be the King's judges, and was present at every sitting of the High Court, but did not

sign the warrant for the King's execution. He was a member of the Council of State, in 1651 and 1652, died Sept. 6, 1658, being excepted postmortem out of the Act of Oblivion. I shall be glad of any further information respecting him. What special interest in Cumberland had this London alderman to ensure his election for Cockermouth ?. W. D. PINK.

IRISH ENGRAVERS AND COPPER PLATE PRINTERS. -Between 1780 and 1830 a large number of line and other engravers flourished (or otherwise) in Dublin, and the work of many of them is to be found in Dublin books and magazines of that period. As I am collecting information of this nature for a biographical dictionary of Irish artists, I should feel grateful if readers of N. & Q.' could tell me of engravings executed by any of the following persons. I ought to add that if those possessing Dublin editions of English classics or any Dublin-printed works containing engravings would be so kind as to examine them, they would be in a position to render me the assistance I require. Any answers sent to me will be thankfully acknowledged. The following is the list of names above referred to: Samuel Close, Chas. Maguire, P. Maguire, W. Esdall, John Debenham, John Duff, Paget Halpin, Patrick Halpin, Luke Jackson, Jas. Butler, John Mannin, Wm. O'Connor, Jas. Ford, Robt. Jackson, Chas. Henecy, Henry Brocas, John Byrne, Richard Jackson, Joshua Lacy, Thos. Badge, Patk. Conolly, Geo. Fleming, Wm. Gonne, Geo. Gonne, Geo. Waller, J. and Theodore Waller, Joseph Byrne, P. Carroll, Wm. Carey, B. S. Brunton, Bland Galland, John Holbrooke, Anne Henecy, John Taylor, Jas. Kirkwood, Patk. Fitzpatrick, Edw. Fitzgerald, John Jos. Byrne, John Martyn, Jas. Kennedy, Geo. Shea, Henry Rooke, John Robinson, Jonathan Hodges, John Ferrall or Farrell, Geo. Allen, Benj. Clayton, Mathew West, Jos. Wright, T. Fleming, Stewart Graham, Geo. Burke, Thos. Forster, Roger O'Connor, Samuel Shaw, Jas. Marsh, and Wm. Carroll.

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but I should be glad if any one could give me further information on the subject. C. H. W.

NUMBERS OF MANKIND AT THE RESURRECTION. In "Another Essay in Political Arithmetick, concerning the Growth of the City of London; with the Measures, Periods, Causes, and Consequences thereof. 1682. By Sir William Petty, Fellow of the Mark Pardoe, at the Black Raven, over against Royal Society. London: Printed by H. H. for Bedford-House, in the Strand, 1683," 12mo., the author, after having calculated the rate of increase of mankind since the Deluge, continues (p. 22):— writing against some Scepticks, who would have baffled "We did (not long since) assist a worthy Divine, our belief of the Resurrection, by saying, that the whole Globe of the Earth could not furnish Matter enough for all the Bodies that must Rise at the last Day, much less would the surface of the Earth furnish footing for so mentioned) assert the Number of Men now living, and vast a Number; whereas we did (by the Method aforealso of those that dyed since the beginning of the World, and did withal shew, that half the Island of Ireland would afford them all, not only Footing to stand upon, but Graves to lye down in, for that whole Number; and that two Mountains in that Countrey were as weighty as all the Bodies that had ever been from the beginning of the World to the Year 1680, when this Dispute happened."

this discussion, more particularly upon the part of Can any of your correspondents throw light upon Petty in it; or identify the "worthy Divine"? It may be helpful to note that Petty probably went to Ireland in March, 1680, and remained there until December, 1682. CHARLES H. HULL.

Ithaca, New York.

LAUNCESTON AS A SURNAME.-In the "Literary Gossip" of the Athenæum for October 6 appears the following :

"We hear that the works of Phil Launceston, an Australian poet and a friend of Adam Lindsay Gordon's, will shortly be collected."

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Is this a genuine surname ? It is not to be found in the London Directory,' and I have previously met with it only in fiction, "Marion Launceston" having appeared in L. E. Wilton's 'Mary Browne,' a three-volume novel published in 1880. "Viscount Launceston borne by three successive Princes of Wales in the was a title eighteenth century, while "the Duchess of Launceston" is twice referred to, but never seen, in Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's comedy 'The Crusaders,' produced in November, 1891. A "John de Lancevetone," or "John of Launceston," also was a distinguished cleric in the reign of Edward II.; but Phil Launceston is new to me, and I should be glad to know something further concerning him. DUNHEVED.

A BLIND PERSON'S SENSE OF HEARING.-I was speaking upon this subject the other day with a neighbour (now middle-aged), who was accidentally

deprived of sight when very young. In the course of the conversation he said (I do not pretend to give his very words) :—

"We who cannot see have a sense different from any you possess. For instance, when walking down the street, if I pass a stationary vehicle, even though there is no horse in it, I am conscious of its proximity; if I pass a house I can tell by my feeling of a difference in the air whether the door is open or shut; when driving, in spite of the noise of my trap, I can tell by the same means when I pass a house or other large object."

him in their potions and potages, but assume his
shape when out on their evil errands.
MABEL PEACOCK.

Beylies.

"THEY WERE EACH OF THEM."
(8th S. vi. 225.)

Your correspondent W. C. B. deserves thanks for drawing attention to this example of composition currente calamo. It is " inelegant," as he observes, because of the clumsy duplication of the same pronoun in the subject of the proposition; either "they" or " of them" is redundant. It is "inexact" because of the apposition of 66 each," singular and distributive, with "they," plural and collective, equating a part with the whole-which is absurd. In the phrase "They were each in a house" two incongruous propositions are confused, ject. The first," They were in a house," means that many persons were in a house together; the second, "Each of them was in a house," means that each individual of the many was in a house by himself. There is question in the former of but one house, in the latter of as many houses as there are individuals. To be lucid as well as accurate, Mr. Kinglake ought to have written, according to the meaning he wished to convey, either "Each of them was or "They were both."

I suggested that this might be because such objects obstruct sounds; to which he replied that his feeling when passing them was that of "a fullness in the air," which when such objects are not near feels to him "empty." He further assured me that his wife, who was born blind, "went far beyond" himself in this particular. Immediately upon waking in the morning she would know if there were snow upon the ground, not because of any difference in the sounds that might be abroad (sounds travel further, and are heard more dis-one having "they" and the other "each" for subtinctly over snow, as over water), but when to ordinary senses there was no sound at all; purely by reason of some subtle difference in the air. My friend did not attempt to explain this, and said he could not at all understand it; but of the fact he spoke confidently. Can any explanation be furnished? I suppose it is the sense of hearing that is affected; but how? One can hardly think the air of a room would be sensibly affected by a fall of snow, whatever might be the case as regards the air outside. C. C. B.

"DOG" DENT. - John Dent, immortal as "Dog" Dent, the inventor of the dog tax, was M.P. 1796. What constituency did he represent? W. F. WALLer.

[See p. 284.]

FOLK-LORE TOAD.-In a short article on lovephiltres, which appeared in the Graphic, Sept. 22, p. 327, it is stated that under the Roman emperors among the ingredients used to compel affection were the bones of the left side of a toad which had been eaten by ants. The bones of the right side, on the contrary, caused hatred. Further, there was a belief that if a toad's skeleton were thrown into water the bones that floated were noxious, while those that sank, when wrapped in white linen and worn round the neck, would excite love. I am anxious to know the exact authority for these superstitions, as they strongly resemble ideas yet current in some Lincolnshire villages. Naturalists sometimes assume that the popular horror of the toad arises from an exaggerated belief in the venomous effects of the acrid fluid he discharges when alarmed; but the prejudice against the animal is to a great degree founded on the fact that he is connected with all kinds of wizardry and black magic, and that sorcerers not only seethe

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This erroneous construction is very common, writers being indisposed or unable to reason on the relation of their words to each other. Only two days ago I had before me a page in which a writer, treating of intestate successions in different countries, set forth a whole string of propositions composed after the following pattern: Two children are each entitled to two-thirds of their intestate portion"-a mathematical impossibility. Twothirds of their intestate portion given to each would amount to four-thirds! What, however, is meant is that "each of two children is entitled to two-thirds of his intestate portion"; and the phrase should have been so worded.

Confused notions prevail with regard to "each" and "every." It is thought that because these words direct attention to multitude they may be treated as plural. Hence such phrases as Each went their way," ,"Every one has their hobby". "-a sex-assertive form of speech almost peculiar to lady writers (see two examples in the Nineteenth Century for October, p. 580), who would only consider it ungrammatical to write "Every one have their hobby." Another misuse of "each" and "every' is in such a phrase as "He paused between each stroke." There can only be a pause between each stroke and another, i.e., two strokes; but the assumption in the above phrase is that each stroke is equal to itself and that other, i.e., 1=2, another

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