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To the latter of these passages the editor has attached a note thus: "Fray-bug or fray-huggard (first edition), an imaginary monster." Though the martyrologist is, to use a word employed by very dear friend, a most "undepend-uponable" historian, yet there is imbedded in his pages a mass of information of considerable value. He is also a typical specimen of that class, by no means extinct in our own day, which sees no harm in perverting the facts of history for the sake of enforcing its own opinions.

When are we to have a scholarlike edition of the Acts and Monuments,' showing the variations between the several issues, and supplied with a body of notes correcting obvious errors, and explaining the names of men and places which are often disguised so as to be far beyond interpretation by any save an expert.

How Foxe ought not to be edited may be learned from the pamphlets written on this subject by the late Rev. S. R. Maitland, D.D. There is a set of them in the London Library. They are among the most instructive examples of criticism that I ever encountered. ASTARTE.

"TELEPATHIC OBSESSION."-The following appeared, as an advertisement, in the Norwood Review of March 11 and 18, and I am not sure that it had not appeared once before these dates: "Notice.-College Road, Dulwich.-There is evidence of divers inhabitants of this road having been submitted during the last few years to telepathic obsession. Certain people are suspected who have used this form of injury, and more evidence is required against them for their conviction. More than twenty cases of lunacy have occurred in this road, extending from the Fire Brigade of the Crystal Palace to North Dulwich. Of these cases seven have been self-murders. Any information relating to these practices will be gladly received at the office of the Norwood Review, addressed L."

In the number of March 18, in addition to this notice, there was a long letter addressed by L. to the editor and headed "Telepathic Obsessions." The pith of this letter lies in the last few lines, in which L. endeavours to point out how "telepathic obsession" may be distinguished from the insidious advances of insanity. He says:

“The person is at first strong in body and temperate; he is at first startled at night or in the morning by something relevant to his personality being apparently shouted; it may be he is urged to cut his throat, and if he is foolish enough, he does it; should he bear his obsession and complain of it, his morale breaks down, and he is incarcerated. It is not shouting which he hears, but telepathic vocalization, with all that it implies, and his voices are not spiritual, nothing so supernal. They vary, however, from ribulous [bibulous?] whispers to definite shouts, urging him on to death or to complain. They may be known by being always associated with human beings, and not with the noises of animals and natural sounds."

In another part of his letter he quotes a friend who says that this telepathic obsession is practised "with the object of incarcerating people with

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money, by their relatives." If so, the people living in College Road must be singularly unfortunate in their relatives.

I myself have lived in the immediate neighbourhood of College Road for a great many years, but I had heard nothing of this telepathic obsession until a friend drew my attention to this notice. If I write about the matter, it is not that I myself have any belief in it, it is merely to show that tendency to a belief in witchcraft-for what else is this telepathic obsession ?-seems to be as rampant or as ready to start up now as it was centuries ago, and that among educated people.

A local chemist and druggist seems to have hit the right nail on the head, for in the number of March 18 he inserted the following advertisement :

"Telepathic Obsession.-Perfect immunity from this insidious complaint guaranteed by taking Fluide-Coca Nerve Tonic, post free, with Medical Reports and Testimonials, 28., 38. 6d., and 10s. 6d., from," &c.

At any rate, it is not precisely telepathic obsession that one would suffer from if one followed this advice, and swallowed the medical reports and testimonials as well as the medicine, even though no postal fee were exacted for their transmission downwards to the stomach. F. CHANCE.

P.S.-Since the above was written another suicide has taken place in College Road, being the second in the same family in the last six months.

"ENGENDRURE."-Thanks to Mr. E. H. Marshall, M.A., of Hastings, I have been enabled to correct my culpable ignorance of this word. I asked what English author besides Mr. Sala had used it, and in what English dictionary it was to be found. The latter part of the query was warranted by the fact that" engendrare" is not to be found in Coles, Phillips, Bailey, Johnson, nor in a Chaucer lexicon; and it is to be read three or Webster. Mr. Marshall turned it up, however, four times in almost as few lines in the 'Wife of Bath's Prologue.' W. F. WALLER.

OLD PROVERBS REWRIT.-Speaking of Newnham, the Brighton apothecary, Dr. Gordon Hake says:

"I think often of the advice he tendered me as a young physician. Never dine with a patient. Such has been my rule through life; for if you do, sooner or later you are sure to let out the fool."" Memoirs of Eighty Years," 1892, p. 109.

Is not this advice as old as Solomon ? Cf.

gently what is before thee: And put a knife to thy "When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider dilithroat, if thou be a man given to appetite."-Proverbs xxiii. 1, 2.

Glasgow.

WILLIAM GEORGE BLACK.

"SUUM CUIQUE."-The present Chancellor of the oldest English University, in a suggestive

scientific address he gave in the Sheldonian Theatre on March 1, seems to have overlooked one important point regarding the genesis and history of modern bacteriology, which may not be out of place to be merely touched upon among your "Notes." The fact is the great discoveries of those invisible active germs of various diseases now called bacilli or bacteria, which science attributes chiefly to men like Pasteur or Koch of our days, have not been made all upon a sudden towards the end of this scientific century, but they were preceded to refer to but one predecessorby one of the foremost pioneers of physical and medical science, who flourished and worked already before the middle of the century. It was Ehrenberg who disclosed, by means of his meritorious microscopic researches, the hidden world of Infusoria, and laid down the results of his investigations in a work that appeared as long ago as 1838 at Leipzig. It is true that Ehrenberg did not yet discern between Infusoria and Bacteria, and consequently did not use the modern name of a Bacillus in its present sense; but to his labour, one may fairly acknowledge, is due the foundation of modern bacteriology. A noteworthy record of the life and work of Ehrenberg, which was closed at Berlin in 1876, may be found in the ' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie' (vol. v.), published at Leip. zig in 1877.

X.

oak which bears an edible fruit, and is derived from esca, food or nourishment," and then goes on to assign it to the natural order Sapindaces and to describe the horse-chestnut.

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Dryden, in translating Virgil, is, as might be expected on a point of this kind, somewhat loose. In Georg.,' ii. 16, he renders aesculus "beech," whilst in ii. 291 he calls it simply "Jove's own tree," apparently because Virgil, in the former place, speaks of it as 'nemorumque Jovi quæ maxima frondet."

The diphthong in aesculus seems to make the derivation from esca doubtful. The word is probably connected with the Greek akuλos, itself of uncertain origin. W. T. LYNN. Blackheath.

vincialisms (with which visits north have long “WEEK-END": "TRIPPERS."-These two profamiliarized my ear) seem, to judge from the fre quency of their occurrence in London newspapers -although, as yet, rarely uttered by polite southern lips likely to obtain general currency. As they are useful terms of native origin, it is not pro bable that they are destined to enjoy a merely HENRY ATTWELL. ephemeral popularity.

Barnes.

INSCRIPTION IN AN OLD BOOK. In an old volume of Oxford Latin poems, printed in 1703, I find written in MS. the following couplet :Hunc tenet Edvardus Pilkington jure libellum : Errantem cernis si modo, redde mihi.

Ventnor.

E. WALFORD, M.A.

PRONE.-One would have thought that Mr. Henry W. Lucy must know the meaning of this little word; and yet he tells us in 'Settled Down,' in the Graphic, April 8, p. 367, of Mr. James Lowther, "Before half an hour had sped he was (in a Parliamentary sense, of course) prone on THE CARDINAL VIRTUES. (See 2nd S. viii. 42.) his back." The authors of The Dynamiter' (p. 18)-The four cardinal virtues, how early were they are more discriminating: "They lay some upon their backs, some prone, and not one stirring." ST. SWITHIN.

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recognized as such ?-was a question early asked in N. & Q.,' but which seems to have remained unanswered. The inquirer thought they might not have come in earlier than the three Christian

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graces, Faith, Hope, and Charity. In fact, they
are far older. Thus, Cicero ('Ad Herennium,'iii. 2)
Fortitudinem, Modestiam," equivalent to our Pru-
"Rectum dividitur in Prudentiam, Justitiam,
says,
dence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance. Should
doubts arise whether "Modestia means Temper-
"Modestia"
ance, they will vanish when we see
defined by Cicero as continens in animo moderatio
cupiditatum." But the fourfold division of virtues
was well known to Plato several centuries before
Cicero. In planning his ideal republic, modelled
after a perfect man, he would have it wise, and
valiant, and temperate, and just (iv. § 6, E.). Some
Grecian I trust will trace for N. & Q.' the
genealogy of the grand four up to an earlier era.

THE HORSE-CHESTNUT.—Whilst admiring the beautiful avenue of horse-chestnut trees in Bushey Park recently, I could not help wondering why botanists had given the genus (which is of the order Sapindaceæ, a word derived from Sapo indicus, owing to the use of the fruit of some species in making a kind of soap) the name of Esculus. For it is certainly a very different tree from the esculus of Virgil (Georgics,' ii. 16, 291), which seems to have been a species of oak, a broad-leaved variety, according to Prof. Tenore, of the Quercus sessili flora. The acorns of this variety are sweet and eaten like chestnuts, whence probably the ancient name. But the nuts of the horse-chestnut are not esculent, although it is said that the name "horse "-chestnut is derived from their being sometimes ground and given to horses medicinally in the East. Paxton confuses the ancient and modern Esculus in his 'Botanical Dictionary,' HULL GUILDS.-Dr. Lambert, in his 'Two where he says it is the name "given to a kind of Thousand Years of Gild Life' (Hall, 1891), prints

Madison, Wis., U.S.

JAMES D. BUTLER.

in English translation the text of the deed of foundation of the Holy Trinity Guild of Hull, in which the date of its origin is given as 1369. But probably this is a transcriber's error, as on reference to Frost's 'History of Hull I find that Robert de Selby, the mayor, and William de Cave (misprinted Cane in Dr. Lambert's book) and William de Bubwith, the bailiffs, who signed the document, held office in 1371, and not in 1369, in which year John Lambard was mayor (the names of the bailiffs are not given for that year). With Roman numerals 71 can easily be transformed into 69. The certificate of this guild is not in the Public Record Office-at least, it is not included in Mr. Selby's MS. index of Guild Certificates.

As regards the Guild of St. John the Baptist of Hull, Dr. Lambert prints a translation of its original deed of foundation too (p. 111), and conjectures (it is not stated on what grounds) that the guild was founded about 1350 (p. 233). The date is destroyed in the original certificate in the Public Record Office, and I presume no copy of the document is to be found among the town records. The list of mayors compiled by Frost, however, again enables one to fix the date. The certificate was

sent up from Hull in response to the king's writ
of 1388, consequently the member of the guild
who signs himself "William, domestic tailor to
the Lord William de la Pole," must have been in
that employment before 1366, in which year
William, son of the oldest known William de la
Pole, died, and the will of the other William, son
of Richard, was proved. The deed of foundation
is signed, according to Dr. Lambert, by William
Transale as mayor, and by Nicholas de la More
and William Bate as bailiffs. One William de
Stransale was one of the chamberlains of Hull in
1352, and Nicholas del More one of the bailiffs in
1363; but neither Transale's nor Stransale's name
occurs in Frost's list of mayors. But there is a
blank in the list, and only one, before 1366, and
consequently we may fairly assume that the Guild
of St. John the Baptist of Hull was founded in that
very year, namely, in 1357, and we may also fill up
the blank left by Frost with the name of William
Transale, or probably more correctly Stransale, as
mayor and the other two names as bailiffs. Stran-
sale's colleague as chamberlain of the town, Thomas
de Santon, held the office of mayor in 1355 and
again in 1356.

According to the will of John Schayl, a burgess
of Hull, one of his houses was occupied by a
Robert de Stransale in 1303.
L. L. K.

ever, the woodpecker taps the beech, not the elm.
The line concludes the second of the four stanzas
composing the lyric. In English song-books the
version set to music by Kelly as The Woodpecker'
omits the first two lines of the second stanza, the
other two lines being used as a chorus or refrain to
the first and third stanzas, which embody the atti-
tude and the aspiration of a youthful sentimentalist.
The poetical reading is as follows:-

It was noon, and on flowers that languish'd around
In silence reposed the voluptuous bee;
Every leaf was at rest, and I heard not a sound
But the woodpecker tapping the hollow beech-tree.
THOMAS BAYNE,

Helensburgh, N.B.

CLARK'S ALLEY.-In the course of a ramble along the Bankside the other day, I came across a mural tablet with the following inscription:—

"This ancient way, known as Clarks Alley, and leading from Willow Street to the River Thames, being a free passage, is closed by order of the Clink Commissioners, 1796,"

days this ancient landmark will be removed and This is worth making a note of, for one of these perhaps lost. It would be interesting if those of your readers who know of similar tablets would point them out.

HENRY R. PLOMER.

GREY FRIARS' CHURCH, ABERDEEN.—In connexion with the extension of the University of Aberdeen it is proposed to demolish the ancient church of the Grey Friars, which, with the exception of the north transept and crypt of the East Church, is the only pre-Reformation building in the city. The church was built between 1518 and 1532 by the famous Bishop Dunbar, the architect being Alexander Galloway, rector of Kinkell, a wellknown personage in Sootch ecclesiology. It is built in the earlier and more refined (Scottish) Gothic style, and possesses a fine buttressed side and a magnificent Gothic window, which is beautifully emblematic of the Trinity. The date of its erection and of every alteration in it being known, it is an important landmark in the somewhat obscure history of Scottish Gothic architecture. Besides these ecclesiological considerations it possesses various interesting historical associations connected with the history of Scotland and of the city of Aberdeen.

completely hidden by buildings all round it except Unfortunately, it has been century addition to the church. The result of this on one side, where there projects a hideous lastis that it is never shown to visitors and very few citizens know its value or its beauty. The Uniwould make the best possible front to their new versity authorities wish to keep the church, as it buildings, but the Town Council, who have conThe woodpecker tapping the hollow elm-tree. tributed to the University extension scheme, The reference, no doubt, is to Moore's 'Ballad insist on a front completely granite (the church is Stanzas: I knew by the Smoke,' in which, how-built of free-stone). This granite fad is no new

'THE WOODPECKER.'-A writer in the December Good Words, p. 804, likens himself to

thing in Aberdeen. Every ancient building in the sente to smell a feaste as euer man sawe. Pasquill met city, with the exception of those mentioned above, him betweene Bifield and Fawseley, with a little Hatte has been destroyed in order to erect a granite like a Sawcer vpon his crowne, a Filchman in his hande, structure in its stead, e.g., the ancient Cathedral mation, some two or three pounds of yron in the hylts a swapping Ale-dagger at his backe, contayning by estiChurch of St. Nicholas, demolished in 1837. A and chape, and a Ban-dogge by his side to command vigorous action on the part of some of the anti-fortie foote of grounde wheresoeuer hee goes, that neuer quarian societies might yet save the church, which, a Begger come neere him to craue an Almes."-P. 6. on both ecclesiological and historical grounds, is The meaning of "ban-dogge" appears plain enough, well worth such an effort. R. S. RAIT. and "filchman" is probably a beggar's staff; but what is an "ale-dagger"? Surely it can have no connexion with dagger ale! JOHN TAYLOR, Northampton.

Aberdeen.

Queries.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the

answers may be addressed to them direct.

INSCRIPTION ON BRASS, OXTED CHURCH, SURREY.

-On a stone on the floor of the chancel of this church are two effigies of children in brass (the head of one is gone), habited in long, full robes down to their feet, with full sleeves, their shoes showing, the hands clasped in prayer. Underneath is this inscription, relating to the elder one, on the dexter side, in capitals:

"Here lyeth enterred the body of Thomas Hoskins Gent. second sonne of St Thomas Hoskins Knight who deceased y 10th day of Aprill A° Dni 1611 att y age of 5 years who aboute a quarter of an houre before his dep'ture did of himselfe wthout any instruction speake thos wordes and leade us not into temptatio' but deliver us from all evill, being y last words he spake." The brass is exceedingly interesting in its details, and in the matter of costume, but the inscription, recording as it does the last words of the deceased, is specially noteworthy. Can any of your readers supply like instances from brasses or monumental inscriptions? In the churchyard of Peasmarsh, Sussex, is a stone to William Edward, son of William and Sarah Bannister, died Nov. 17, 1871, aged eight, and on it, "Nearly his last words were, 'Don't cry, Ma; I am going to Jesus."" The words "from all evill," on the brass, are curious. Do they occur in the Lord's Prayer in any version of the Bible of about this date? G. L. G.

MONASTIC RULES.—Will some one kindly inform me whether, in the Middle Ages, the monks in a Cistercian monastery (such as Fountains, in York. shire) were allowed indiscriminately to go into the surrounding hamlets to visit the sick and dying poor; or whether this duty was allotted to some particular monk or monks? I have sought in several quarters for definite information on this point, but without success. Cambridge.

HERONDAS.

66 ALE-DAGGER. "-In Nash's 'Countercuffe giuen to Martin Iunior,' written in reply to one of the Martin Mar-Prelate Tracts, occurs the following:

"I will leape ouer one of your brother Preachers in North-hampton shire, which is as good a Hownde for his

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SELF-EDUCATION.-In the first volume of Sir Benjamin Brodie's 'Psychological Inquiries,' 1855, p. 251, he quotes "from Dr. Newman's Lectures as telling against a system of over-pressure in education, the case of

tion or execution, one of the most touching in our lan"the poor boy in the poem,-a poem, whether in concepguage,-who, not in the wide world, but ranging day by day round his widowed mother's home, a dexterous gleaner in a narrow field, and with only such slender outfit

As the village school and books a few supplied, contrived, from the beach, and the quay, and the fisher' and the shepherd's walk, and the smuggler's hut, and boat, and the inn's fireside, and the tradesman's shop the mossy moor, and the screaming gulls, and the restless waves, to fashion to himself a philosophy and poetry of his own.'

What is the poem alleded to ?

JAYDEE.

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for it seems almost incredible that the Tarks could have put to the sword so great a number as forty thousand people, as stated. Presumably they slew " man and woman, infant and suckling." Another account says that out of a population of a hundred thousand only ten thousand escaped. This occurred on April 11, 1822. Is the massacre in any way referred to or noticed by Lord Byron, who died at Missolonghi in 1824? Scio claims the honour of having been the birthplace of Homer, as do several other places, and is alluded to in the hymn to the Delian Apollo, quoted by Thucydides, 'Ev ois kai EaνTôυ επεμνήσθη (bk. iii. cap. civ.):—

Ὑμεῖς δ' εὖ μάλα πᾶσαι υποκρίνασθ' ἐυφήμως Τυφλὸς ἀνὴρ, οἰκεῖ δὲ Χίῳ ἔνι παιπαλοέσση. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. LINDSAY AND CRAWFORD.-John, sixth Earl of Crawford, succeeded his father David, Duke of Montrose, who died in 1495—s.p., says Mr. Solly; but there was this son John, who survived till 1513, but did not claim the dukedom. Under the same head I find that Walter, younger son of John, first Lord Lindsay, living 1455, is styled Lord St. John of Jerusalem. What is known of this last title? A. H.

"ENGINES WITH PADDLES," A.D. 1699.-Can any of your readers give me information as to what engines were meant by the following, which I have extracted from the original minute-book ?— "At a Court of Directors of the English East India Company held at Skinners' Hall on Wednesday, April 19, 1699, the Court were informed that there were engines with paddles to move ships when they are becalmed, and it was moved that one might be sent at the Company's charges by the Los fridight or the Rock. Ordered, that one of said engines be provided by Mr. Shepherd upon the Company's Account."

In the King's Library, Brit. Mus., case xviii., there is shown the title-page and plate of a small book. The title-page reads :

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[In the Century Dictionary' it is derived from Lat. crudelis, and is spelt "crewel," "crewell.”]

CONSTANTIUS II., EMPEROR OF ROME.-Had he any descendants; if so, who were they? I know, from Gibbon, that he may have had one AMERICAN. born after his death in 361.

SIR CHRISTOPHER MILTON: ARMS, &c.-Did

Sir Christopher Milton bear arms; if So, what were they; and did he bear a motto? EDWARD W. George.

The Woodlands, Stratford, E.

ISLEHAM, CAMB3.-Can any one identify the arms borne on a shield on the magnificent medieval brass eagle lectern now in Isleham Church: A chevron, itself bearing a roundel, between three groups of five roundels each? Groups of five and eight roundels appear alternately at intervals round the moulding of the lectern. HAWKES MASON.

Barton Mills, Mildenhall.

BARTHOLOMEW HOWLETT, THE ENGRAVER.Can any one inform me where the following collection now is, and whether the seals have been engraved ?

F.S.A., Keeper of the Records in the Augmentation "By the friendly liberality of John Caley, Esq., Office, I am enabled to illustrate these notes with an Howlett, of the seal of Tavistock Abbey. It is one of the engraving, from a drawing by the late Bartholomew extensive and valuable collection of drawings after monastic seals, made for Mr. Caley by that ingenious artist." -Gentleman's Magazine, 1830, pt. i.

I should much like to be informed where I can see If this collection of drawings has been engraved, them, and where Howlett s drawings now are.

LEO.

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