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CHAPTER VI.

PREPOSITIONS.

§ 88. Prepositions may be divided into separate and incorporated.

Separate Prepositions.

§ 89. The separate prepositions in Dakota follow the nouns which they govern, and hence might properly be called postpositions; as, ćaŋ akan nawaźin, (wood upon I-stand) I stand upon wood; he maza on kagapi, (that iron of is-made) that is made of iron. The following are the principal separate prepositions; viz.:

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90. These are suffixed to nouns, prefixed to or inserted into verbs, and prefixed to adverbs, etc.

§ 91. The prepositions suffixed to nouns are 'ta,' and 'ata' or ' yata,' at or on ; as, tínta, prairie, tintáta, at or on the prairie; mága, a field, maġáta, at the field; éan, wood or woods, canyata, at the woods. The preposition en, in, contracted, is suffixed to a few nouns; as, ti, a house, tin, in the house. These formations may in some cases be regarded as adverbs; as, he, a hill or ridge, heyata, at the hill or back from.

§ 92. The prepositions 'a,' 'e,' 'i,' 'o,' instead of being suffixed to the noun, are prefixed to the verb.

1. a. The preposition 'a,' on or upon, is probably a contraction of 'akan,' and is prefixed to a very large number of verbs; as, mani, to walk, amani, to walk on, ćankaġa amawani, I walk on a log.

b. The preposition 'e,' to or at, is probably from 'ekta,' and is prefixed to some verbs; as, yulipa, to lay down any thing one is carrying, eyuhpa, to lay down at a place.

c. The preposition 'i' prefixed to verbs means with, for, on account of; as, ćekiya, to pray, ićekiya, to pray for a thing.

d. The preposition 'o,' in, is a contraction of 'ohna,' and is found in a large class of verbs; as, hnaka, to place or lay down, ohnaka, to place a thing in something else.

2. The prepositions which are either prefixed to or inserted into verbs, in the pronouns' place, are ‘ki' and 'kíći.’

a. ' Ki,' as a preposition incorporated in verbs, means to or for, as, kaġa, to make kićaġa, to make to one; huwe ya, to go to bring any thing, kihuwe ya, to go to bring a thing for one.

b. Kíći' incorporated into verbs means for; as, kaksa, to chop off, as a stick; kíćićaksa, to chop off for one.

§ 93. The preposition 'i' is prefixed to a class of adverbs giving them the force of prepositions. In these cases it expresses relation to or connexion with the preceding noun; as, tehan, far, itehan, far from any time or place; heyata, behind, iheyata, back of something. These adverbial prepositions are such as:

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§ 94. Conjunctions in Dakota, as in other languages, are used to connect words and sentences; as, waste ka ksapa, good and wise; wićaśta śićeća koya, men and children: "Unkaŋ Wakaŋtaŋka, Oźaŋźaŋ kta, eya: uŋkaŋ oźanzan," And God said, 'Let light be and light was.

§ 95. The following is a list of the principal conjunctions; viz.: unkaŋ, ka and ça, and; ko and koya, also, and; uŋkaŋś, kiŋhaŋ and ćiŋhaŋ, kinahaŋ and ćinahaŋ, if; eśta and śta, keś and ćeś, keś and çeś, although; kaeś and caeś, keyaś and çeyaś, even if; ka iś, or; tuka, but.

CHAPTER VIII.

INTERJECTIONS.

§ 96. It is very difficult to translate, or even to classify Dakota interjections. Those in common use may be arranged under the following heads, according to the emotions they express.

Pain: yun! winświ! ah! oh!

Regret hehe! hehehe! huŋhe! hunhuŋhe! oh! alas!

Surprise: hopidan! hopidanniye! hopidanśni! iŋah! inama! inyun! iyanaka! wonderful! surprising! astonishing! truly! indeed!

Attention: a! e! beś! hiwo! iho! ito! mah! toko! wan! hark! look! see! behold! halloo !

Self-praise ihdatan! ihdataŋh! boast!

Affirmation: ećahe! ećaś! ećaeś! eeś! ehaeś! ehtakaeś! eyakeś! eyaķeś! nakaś! nakaeś! indeed! truly! yes!

Disbelief: eze! hes! hinte! ho! hoećah! iyeśnića! oho! fie! fudge! you don't say so!

PART THIRD.

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.

PRONOUNS.

PLACE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Incorporated Pronouns.

§ 97. The incorporated pronouns are either prefixed to or inserted into verbs, adjectives, and nouns.

1. Position in Verbs.

§ 98. 1. a. Monosyllabic verbs, such as, ba, to blame, da, to ask for, etc., necessarily prefix the pronouns; as, mayaba, (me-thou-blamest) thou blamest me.

b. Those verbs which are formed by adding the prefixes 'ka' and 'pa,' and also the possessive forms in 'kpa' or 'tpa,' 'hda,' and 'hdu,' have the pronouns prefixed; as, kaksa, to cut off with an axe, wakaksa, I cut off; pagan, to part with any thing, wapagan, I part with; kpaġaŋ and tpaġan, to part with one's own, wakpaġaŋ, I part with my own; hduta, to eat one's own, wahduta, I eat my own.

c. Other verbs, whose initial letter is 'd' or 'k,' have the pronouns prefixed; as, daka, to esteem so, wadaka, I esteem so; kaga, to make, yakaġa, thou makest.

d. For the forms of the subjective pronouns of the first person singular and the second person singular and plural of verbs in 'ya' and 'yu,' see §§ 39. b, 50.

2. a. All verbs commencing with a vowel which is not a prefix, insert the pronouns immediately after the vowel; as, opa, to follow, owapa, I follow; excepting the first person plural, 'unk,' which is prefixed; as, unkopapi, we follow. But ounpapi is also used.

b. The prefixing of the prepositions 'a,' 'e,' 'i,' 'o,' does not alter the place of the pronouns; as, kastan, to pour out, wakaśtan, I pour out; okastan, to pour out in, owakaśtan, I pour out in; palta, to bind, pawahta, I bind; apahta, to bind on, apawahta, I bind on.

c. Verbs formed from verbal roots and adjectives by prefixing 'ba,' 'bo,' and 'na,' take the pronouns after the prefix; as, baksa, to cut off with a knife, bawaksa, I cut off; boksa, to shoot off, as a limb, boyaksa, thou shootest off; naksa, to break off with the foot, nawaksa, I break off with the foot.

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d. Other verbs whose initial letter is 6,s,' 'm,' or 'n,' have the pronouns inserted after the first syllable; as, ćapá, to stab, éawápa, I stab; máni, to walk,

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mawáni, I walk. Pahta, to bind or tie, also inserts the pronouns after the first syllable.

e. Verbs that insert or prefix the prepositions 'ki' and 'kíći,' take the pronouns immediately before the prepositions. See § 40. 5. a. b.

f. Active verbs formed from other verbs, adjectives, or nouns, by adding the causative ‘kiya' or 'ya,' take the pronouns immediately before the causative; as, wanyagkiya, to cause to see, wanyagmakiya, he causes me to see; samkiya, to blacken, samwakiya, I blacken; caŋtekiya, to love, cantewakiya, I love any one.

g. The compound personal and reflexive pronouns (§ 24) occupy the same place in verbs as do the ordinary incorporated pronouns: as, wastedaka, to love, wastewadaka, I love any thing, waśtemićidaka, I love myself.

2. Position in Adjectives.

§ 99. 1. a. The pronouns are prefixed to what may be called adjective verbs and adjectives; as, yazan, to be sick, taŋćan mayazan, (body me-sick) my body is sick; waste, good, niwaśte, (thee-good) thou art good.

b. The pronouns ‘ma,' 'ni,' and 'un' are prefixed to the simple numerals; as, mawaŋźidaŋ, I am one; ninonpapi, you are two; unyamnipi, we are three.

2. a. But if the adjective verb has assumed the absolute form by prefixing 'wa,' or if it commences with a vowel, the pronouns are inserted; as, wayazaŋka, to be sick, wamayazaŋka, I am sick; asni, to get well, amasni, I have recovered.

b. Waonśida and waćaŋtkiya, and perhaps some others, which we are accustomed to call adjectives, insert the pronouns; as, waonśiwada, I am merciful.

3. Position in Nouns.

§ 100. 1. a. The possessive pronouns are always prefixed to the noun. See §§ 21. 22. 23.

b. When a noun and pronoun are joined together, with the substantive verb understood, the incorporated pronoun is prefixed to some nouns, and inserted in others; as, niśunka, (thee-dog) thou art a dog; winićaśta, (thee-man) thou art a man; Damakota, (me-Dakota) I am a Dakota.

In some nouns the pronoun may be placed either after the first or second syllable, according to the taste of the speaker; as, wićahiŋća, an old man, wimaćahiŋća or wićamahiŋća, I am an old man.

c. When a noun is used with an adjective or adjective verb, and a pronoun is required, it may be prefixed either to the noun or to the adjective; as, nape masuta, (hand me-hard) or minape suta, (my-hand hard) my hand is hard.

2. In nouns compounded of a noun and adjective, the place of the pronoun is between them; as, Isantaŋka, (knife-big) an American, Isaŋmatanka, I am an American.

4. Position with respect to each other.

§ 101. 1. When one personal pronoun is the subject and another the object of the same verb, the first person, whether nominative or objective, is placed before the

second; as, mayaduhapi, (me-you-have) you have me; unniyuhapi, (we-thee-have or we-you-have) we have thee or we have you.

2. Wića, the objective plural of the third person, when used in a verb with other pronouns, is placed first; as, wićawakaśka, (them-I-bound) I bound them.

Number.

§ 102. Incorporated pronouns, when intended to express plurality, have the plural termination pi attached to the end of the word, whether verb, noun, or adjective; as, wayazaŋ, he is sick, waunyazanpi, we are sick; wakaġa, I make any thing, uŋkaġapi, we make; nitaśunke, thy dog, nitaśunkepi, thy dogs or your dog or dogs; niwaste, thou art good, niwaśtepi, you are good.

Separate Pronouns.

§ 103. The separate personal pronouns stand first in the clauses to which they belong.

a. They stand first in propositions composed of a pronoun and noun, or of a pronoun and adjective; as, miye Isaŋmatanka, I am an American; uŋkiye uŋćuwitapi, we are cold.

b. In a proposition composed of a pronoun and verb, whether the pronoun be the subject or object of the verb; as, unkiye unyanpi kta, we will go; miye makaśka, (me he-bound) he bound me.

The separate pronouns are not needed for the purpose of showing the person and number of the verb, those being indicated by the incorporated pronouns, or inflexion of the verb; but they are frequently used for the sake of emphasis: as, nisuŋka he kupi he; hiya, he miye makupi, (thy-brother that was-given? no, that me me-was-given) was that given to thy brother? no, it was given to me; ye maśi wo; hiya, miye mde kta, (to-go me-command; no, me I-go will) send me; no, I will go myself.

c. When a separate pronoun is used with a noun, one being the subject and the other the object of the same verb, the pronoun stands first; as, miye mini waćin, (me water I-want) I want water; niye tóka kiŋ niyuzapi, (you enemy the you-took) the enemies took you. But when the pronoun is the object, as in this last example, it may stand after the noun; as, tóka kin niye niyuzapi, (enemy the you you-took) the enemies took you.

d. In relative clauses, the separate pronoun is placed last; as, wićaśta hi koŋ he miye, (man came that me) I am the man who came; ónićiyapi kiŋ hena uŋkiyepi, (you-help the those we) we are they who help you.

e. The adverb 'hinća' is often used with the separate pronouns to render them more emphatic; as, miye hiŋća, (me very) my very self; niye nitawa hinéa, (thee thine very) truly thine own.

f. In answering questions, the separate pronouns are sometimes used alone; as, tuwe hećon he; miye, who did that? I; tuwe yaka he; niye, whom dost thou mean? thee; tuwe he kaġa he; iye, who made that? he. But more frequently the verb is repeated in the answer with the pronouns; as, he tuwe kaga he; he miye wakaga, (that who made? that me I-made) who made that? I made it; tuwe yaka he; niye ćića, (whom meanest-thou? thee, I-thee-mean) whom dost thou mean? I mean thee.

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