help to determining whether they preceded or followed the "Block Books."

If a man set to work to carve any number of words upon wood, it must frequently happen that a letter would be accidentally spoiled, and especially such letters as encircle a small portion of wood, e. g. O, P, R. When such a thing occurred, either the whole work must be done over again, or the defect remedied; and what so likely as that the latter course should be adopted, and a hole be bored in the wood and a plug inserted, on which a new letter might be cut? This would present a natural origin to moveable types.

On the other hand, supposing moveable types to be in use, is it reasonable to suppose that recourse would afterwards be had to carving whole words and sentences?

I am not at all satisfied with MR. HOLT's suggestion as to the date 1423 on the "St. Christopher." Before he saw it, he asserted that one of the figures had been altered. When he saw it, he found this assertion could not be supported; and then he jumped to the conclusion that the date applied to the inscription alone. Now I have seen no ground assigned for this conclusion which at all convinces my mind. On the contrary, the presumption surely is, that a date applies to the work whatever it is. I remember a picture which had on it "Gabriel Poyntz, ætatis suæ 37," followed by the year, which I do not remember. Now can any one doubt that this year applied to the time when the picture was painted, as well as to the time when Poyntz was thirty-seven?

And is not this a similar instance?

These things have occurred to my mind on reading the papers in "N. & Q." I know nothing of the writers on the subjects themselves.

C. S. G.

EDWARD MILLAR (4th S. ii. 244.)-This is no new name in musical biography, and your correspondent has not added to our knowledge of this Scottish worthy by his quotation. The extract from the Register of Presentations to Benefices is well known. It had been twice printed before its appearance in "N. & Q." First, by Mr. David Laing in his "Appendix to the Introduction" of Johnson's Scots Musical Museum; secondly, by the Rev. Neil Livingstone in his beautiful reprint of the Scottish Psalter of 1635. Edward Millar is especially entitled to our respect from the share he took in promoting psalmody in Scotland, and for his editorship of the Psalter (the first with the tunes harmonised) of 1635. He was a pre- |

bendary of the Chapel Royal, Edinburgh, and took his degree as M.A. in 1624. In some MS. lists, dated 1627, the name occurs of “Mr. Edward Millar, in Blackfriars Wynd [who] teaches bairns.” (Balcarres Papers, vol. vii.) The time of his death has not been ascertained. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

PICTURE OF ST. BENEDICT (4th S. iv. 394.)— MR. LE TROUVEUR is quite right in supposing that the picture he describes does not represent the Temptation of St. Anthony. The subject is no doubt taken from the story of St. Benedict, who during his life as a hermit is said to have resided in a cave, and to have been supplied with food from a basket let down by his friends from above. On one occasion, the legend tells us, a demon attempted to persecute the saint by cutting the cord, and so depriving him of his meal. This is probably the scene described as forming part of the picture, the satyr or naked figure representing the evil spirit. J. H. B.

MISS MINIFIE (4th S. i. 536.)-In default of more accurate local information from correspondents in the vicinity, I may state that there is no doubt that the reference is to one of two sisters of that name, who wrote some novels both separately and in conjunction, but of whom one acquired a rather unenviable celebrity under her married name of Gunning, in consequence of having abetted her daughter in a ridiculous attempt, or rather plot, to contract an alliance with the then Marquis of Blandford. There are several pamphlets, pro et con., on this nine days' scandal, in my possession; but, not to take up more space of "N. & Q.," I may simply point out that further details on the above "celebrated" sisters will be found in Literary Memoirs of Living Authors of Great Britain, 1798, vol. i. p. 230, "Gunning."

A. DRAGOMAN.

CAZIN [not CAZEN] (4th S. ii. 201.)-M. Cazin, an eminent French publisher of many elegant and esteemed editions in a small form of popular works, was a native of Rheims, and exercised his occupation at Rheims and Paris during the latter half of the eighteenth century. His editions are still eagerly sought after by amateurs and collectors, being remarkable for their correctness and the elegance of their type and engravings. The popularity of his editions led to their being counterfeited, and it requires some tact and experience to distinguish the genuine from the false copies. Cazin's death was tragical, having been mortally wounded during a conflict in the streets of Paris at the moment of leaving a café where he had been dining, on October 5, 1795. Oxford.

J. MACRAY.

look for the derivation of the word cash in the questionable Portuguese cás (rather far-fetched from India), any explanation which shall be based on a simpler and more natural analogy will always be taken as coming nearer to the truth: cash (English), caisse (French), casse (old French), kas (Dutch), caxa (Spanish), cassa (Italian), &c. are all one and the same word; for although cash is only applied to "ready money," it is not to be doubted that the cashier, the man who keeps the cash, is the same not unimportant functionary as the French caissier, and that their names have been borrowed from a common source. But the

English, in adopting the word cash, have taken "le contenant pour le contenu," which is a "pendant to that other grammatical puzzle of "boiling the kettle." Even as "to pocket" refinds its own self in "empocher," so the verb to cash is identical with encaisser; and the libro de caxa of the Spanish merchant is surely a cash-book in the office of an Englishman. It is thus not at all probable that cas should be the lawful parent of cash; for cás is not only an Indian coin, but is also well known in China, where it forms the tenth part of a "candorin": so that the idea of bringing this word home to casa seems to have no foundation. J. VAN DE VELDE.

London.

LATIN MS. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF DR. KING, ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN (4th S. ii. 440.)-I think it probable C. S. K. will find the above in the British Museum, where some of Dr. King's writings are deposited; but I can satisfy him that Mr. Rigby was secretary to John, fourth Duke of Bedford, for in 1759 we find him (the Viceroy's secretary) bringing in a motion in the Irish Parliament to give the Lord Lieutenant power, in case of necessity, to summon that body without the interval of forty days.

Rigby, who had then been appointed Master of the Rolls, nearly lost his life in the subsequent disturbances; for a gallows was actually prepared, and he only escaped hanging through his absence from town. LIOM F.

MAIDS MORTON, BUCKS (3rd S. xi. 298.)-There is a pedigree of the Peyvre family in Lipscomb's Bucks, vol. iv. p. 210, wherein Thomas Peyvre, who died in 1449, is stated to be the brother of the two ladies who founded this church in 1450, as stated by Browne Willis in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1804.

At Little Linford House, near Newport Pagnell, Bucks, there is a painting of these two ladies joined together by one hand of each. This picture is said to be by Federigo Zuccaro, who was born in 1543 and died in 1609; and in the picture the ladies are represented in the costume of the reign of Elizabeth. It would seem, therefore, that the painting could not have been taken

from life, and may have been a copy from an older painting. Is any such older painting known to exist? Mary, the daughter of the last Peyvre, married (according to the pedigree) Sir John Broughton, who presented to Maids Morton church in 1465; and again, Ann Broughton presented in 1531. Can the Broughton family give any information on this subject? T. P. Clifton.

BRIDAL CUSTOMS (4th S. ii. 450.)-The wheat ears scattered at weddings doubtless symbolised fertility. In a description of a Corsican wedding in a recent novel (Sweet Anne Page, ii. 248) I find the following:

"Girls from the balconies of Isola Rossa strewed flowers and grains of wheat as the bride passed; hands, and they sang and a baby in swaddling clothes was placed in Fiordilisa's "Dio vi dia buona fortuna,

Tre di maschi e femmin', una!"

when Mr. Hannay was simultaneously married By the way, Punch was curiously felicitous, and made consul at Barcelona, in exclaiming Spargite nuces! MAKROCHEIR.

ANECDOTE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (4th S. ii. 438.)-I cannot assist T. M. W. by indicating the source of the anecdote he alludes to, but wish to ask him whence his quotation

"What great events from little causes spring"?

I cannot but think he had in his mind the wellknown beginning of the "Rape of the Lock":— "What dire offence from amorous causes springs!

What mighty contests rise from trivial things!" If I am mistaken, and he can give authority for his line, I should be glad to be set right.

It is extraordinary how constantly one hears quotations in which the sense or beauty is marred by incorrectness from those who have

"Just enough of learning to misquote"; but for the pages of " N. & Q." it is very desirable that those who have retained the meaning of a line without remembering the words should refer inverted commas. and make sure they are exact, or avoid the use of CHARLES WYLIE.

ROGERO'S SONG (4th S. ii. 374.)—I should still like a little more information on this subject. It is clear that the sixth stanza did not appear in the Anti-Jacobin newspaper. The answer I re

ceived runs thus:

"We cannot say when the stanza first appeared in print, but in the earliest edition to which we have an opportunity of referring, viz. 12mo, 1799, and which, as it does not specify what edition it is, may reasonably be presumed to be the first, the stanza will be found."

"Earliest edition" of what? The editio princeps is the newspaper itself-it now lies before me; and Rogero's song, in five stanzas only, con

cludes, at pp. 238-9, the first act of The Rovers; or, Double Arrangement. MAKROCHEIR.

[The earliest edition of the Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin (12mo, printed for J. Wright, Piccadilly, 1799),-the first work, we presume, in which the poetry of that journal

was reprinted.-ED. " N. & Q."]

"CROM A Boo" (4th S. ii. 438.)-Allow me to correct the egregious error of your correspondent OSPHAL, who undertakes to explain the wellknown motto of the great Geraldine family now represented by the Duke of Leinster. He asserts "Crom a boo" signifies the "father's vineyards," without telling us in what hitherto unknown tongue such meaning for the words can be found. "Crom a boo" signifies "Croom for ever," and was the rallying war-cry of the Kildare Geraldines, taken from their great stronghold Croom Castle, co. Limerick; as "Shanet a boo" was the motto of the Desmond Fitzgeralds.

Permit me to repeat my request for any information as to the architectural details of Croom Castle when occupied by the Duke and Duchess of Richmond up to 1700-10. A modern picturesque residence exists, built into the old castle, of which the keep and walls remain.

8, Merrion Square West, Dublin.

ROBERT D. LYONS.

OSPHAL has made a strange mistake in translating this motto. An Irishman would have told him that its meaning was "Crom for ever," or "Crom to victory," and that it was the war-cry of the Fitzgeralds when they were wont to issue from their castle of Crom to "harry the country," long before "The Father's Vineyard," or indeed any other book, was printed. Two or three other Irish families have very similar mottos; as the "Knight of Glin," also a Fitzgerald, who has "Shanet a boo"-" John for ever," in remembrance of the first knight. Also the Dunns, who have "Mullher a boo". 66 Victory for the Duns," or People of the Hill": dun in Irish being a LUDOVIC HOUSTON.

66

little hill.

"WINE AND WALNUTS" (4th S. ii. 384.)-In the "Notices to Correspondents" I find an allusion to this work. To the information there given to C. D. L. I beg to add the following epigram-a cutting from the John Bull, and said to be from the pen of Theodore Hook: — "Wine and Walnuts,' I own, is a feast most divine When your walnuts are good, and well flavoured your wine :

But the treat you afford us is truly infernal;
Your wine has no taste, and your walnuts no kernel."
STEPHEN JACKSON.

INSCRIPTION (4th S. ii. 415.)--I do not find any difficulty in the inscription at Pfeffers (not Pfäfffers), in Switzerland. I thus render it, the idiom of our tongue not admitting a more literal translation:

"Boniface Prior and the Convent erected in 1697 this temple to Mary exalted above the Heavenly Host in the world of Spirits."

"Coelo animato" evidently means "in the spirit world,' Professor or the "heaven of souls."

Nessler of Lausanne, to whom I have shown my rendering, says that it is perfectly correct. structed between 1665 and 1697. The original The present buildings at Pfeffers were conedifice was erected by Benedictines in 713, and was destroyed by fire in 1663. The convent was dissolved in 1838 at the request of the members: the institution being quite insolvent, and burdened with a heavy debt. It is now a lunatic asylum. The church is still used for worship. JAMES HENRY DIXON.

THOMSON'S "SEASONS" (4th S. ii. 319, 374, 469.) I wrote without referring to books, and I admit that I have not found an example of "suns" in English meaning "climes." But in Latin the well-known phrase in Horace-“ Terras alio calentes sole "--implying, in poetical language, more suns than one (explained by Doering "sub alià cœli plagâ)—comes near to what Thomson said; and one or two more may be seen in the Lexicons, such as "in illo Lucretino tuo sole," Cic. ad Att.

vii. 11. " Swarming on" simply means "pressing onwards, towards." It is idle to argue on questions of taste; and certainly I could never hope to agree with a gentleman who can see a flaw in Gray or by any one else, and prefer to it the tiara one of the most exquisite lines ever written, by of epithets which he has devised. If MR. KEIGHTLEY will find a single admirer of Gray to agree with him I will reconsider the matter.

FASTIDIOUSNESS (4th S. ii. 475.)-When I suggested the separation of dirty matter from clean, I was not aware that it had been done in the new edition of the Percy folio, in which "The Dragon of Wantley," and some other compositions nearly as foul, are not reprinted. They are not in the of the present century would have inserted them manuscript. I do not think that any clergyman in the Reliques, but the coarseness of the last may afford some excuse even for a bishop. FITZHOPKINS.

Garrick Club.

KATTERN'S DAY (4th S. ii. 201, 333.)—

"I find no mention of the art of knitting lace, or the terms that belong to it, before the middle of the sixteenth century. This art was found out before 1561, at St. Annaberg, by Barbara Uttman, who died in 1575, in the 61st year of her age."-Beckmann's History of Inven tions, article "Lace."

Did not Katherine of Arragon die in 1536, when Barbara Uttman was only twenty-two years old? If so, was it likely that the Spanish queen introduced the new German invention into England?

J. WILKINS, B.C.L.

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