from the lake-water consists of little more than evaporation and crushing, and the former part of the operation is effected wholly through natural agencies. The simplicity of the process, and the lavish yield, enable the manufacturers to put their commodity on the market at an incredibly low price. The Inland Salt Company sells dry, coarse salt for the Eastern trade, packed on cars at the 'works, at one dollar per ton. The quality of the lake-salt is of the highest grade. Several specimens of the commercial article, as manufactured and sold by the various companies, have been analyzed by the writer; and of these, the following are typical: According to published figures, commercial bay salt from other sources seldom exceeds 96 per cent sodium chloride. Next to common salt, in the order of abundance and ease of preparation, sodium sulphate should be named. This is deposited in the crystallized form as mirabilite (Na, SO4 + 10 H, O) during the winter season. When the temperature falls to a certain point, the lake-water assumes an opalescent appearance from the separation of the sulphate. This sinks as a crystalline precipitate, and much is carried by the waves upon the beach and there deposited. Under favorable circumstances, the shores become covered to a depth of several feet with crystallized mirabilite. The writer has on several occasions waded through such deposits, sinking at every step to the knees. Speaking only of the amounts thrown upon the shores, and of most ready access, the source is practically inexhaustible. The substance must be gathered, if at all, soon after the deposit first appears; as, if the water once rises above the critical temperature, the whole deposit is taken again into solution. This change is very rapid, a single day being oftentimes sufficient to effect the - entire disappearance of all the deposit within reach of the waves. Warned by these circumstances, the collectors heap the substance on the shores above the lap of the waters, in which situation it is comparatively secure until needed. To a slight depth the mirabilite effloresces, but within the piles the hydrous crystalline condition is maintained. At the present time there are thousands of tons of this material, heaped in the manner described, remaining from the collections of preceding winters. The sodium sulphate thus lavishly supplied is of a fair degree of purity, as will be seen from the following analyses of two samples of the crystallized sub-stance, taken from opposite shores of the lake: form by the lake, the price being simply the labor of collecting, there are many other compounds that may be had for the asking. The unlimited quantities of sodium sulphate spread upon the shore every winter, forcibly suggest the sodium-carbonate industry as a promising undertaking, the chemical labor for preparing the carbonate by the Le Blanc process being, in fact, already half done. A few years ago an establishment was founded for this purpose in Salt Lake City, and, though the labor thus far accomplished has been mostly experimental in its nature, the results conclusively prove that sodium carbonate and a number of other chemical compounds may be derived from the lake-water with ease and profit. When once such manufacture is undertaken on a proper scale, the output of soda need be limited only by the capacity of the works. Caustic soda and sodium hyposulphite have also been prepared from the lake. The importance of the Great Salt Lake as a source of chemical supplies is still unrealized. Figures would have but little meaning if used in an attempt to express the chemical wealth diffused through its briny waters. Even for the unscientific observer and the casual visitor, the characteristic phenomena of the lake possess a fascinating interest. Many persons who would be but slightly moved by the statement that the waters of the lake vary in density between 1.12 and 1.17 would be deeply impressed to learn that a bather can float at ease in the water with a large proportion of the body above the surface. When once accustomed to the lake, the swimmer can lie in the watery cradle, with his head resting on a pillow of wood, as securely as in a suspended hammock. The chief difficulty in swimming is the tendency of the lower limbs to rise above the water; and the principal danger lies in the occasional entrance of brine into mouth or nostrils, producing a painful irritation followed by suffocation. The concentrated state of the brine insures the lake against the fetters of frost. Ice is not to be seen upon its bosom even during the severest winters. The temperature falls at times to -20° F., yet the lake remains as freely open as during the warmer seasons. The antiseptic properties of the water have been known from the time of its earliest investigation. Capt. Stansbury reported a test, which has been repeatedly verified since his time. His description was as follows: "Before leaving Black Rock, we made an experiment upon the properties of the lake for preserving meat. A large piece of fresh beef was suspended by a cord, and immersed in the lake rather more than twelve hours, when it was found to be tolerably well corned. After this, all the beef we wished to preserve while operating upon the lake was packed into barrels, without any salt whatever, and the vessels were then filled up with the lake-water. No further care or preparation was necessary, and the meat kept sweet, although constantly exposed to the sun. I have no doubt that meat put up in this water would remain sound and good as long as if prepared by the most improved methods. Indeed, we were obliged to mix fresh water with this natural brine to prevent our meat from becoming too salt for present use, a very few days' immersion changing its character from corned beef to what the sailors call 'salt junk.'" As would be expected of so concentrated a brine, and as has been proved by observation, life in the waters of the Great Salt Lake is confined to few species. Some writers have declared that no form of animal or plant life exists in the lake; but this is an error, with but little excuse for its perpetration. The tiny crustacean, Artemia fertilis, exists in very great numbers, often tinting the water over wide areas with its own delicate pink. There is also Ephydra gracilis in its early stages. The pupa cases of this insect are often carried ashore in large masses, where they undergo decomposition with characteristic odorous emanations. One form of Corixa has also been found. No fish or other large form of animal life, however, has been discovered in the waters. The vegetable organisms of the lake, the presence of which may be considered a fact from the abundance of animal existences, are almost entirely unstudied. The life of the Great Salt Lake is a subject awaiting further investigation than has thus far been bestowed thereon. JAMES E. TALMAGE. Salt Lake City, Utah, Dec. 11. [Free of charge to all, if of satisfactory character. Address N. D. C. Hodges, 47 Lafayette Place, New York.] Droysen's Algemeiner Historicher Hand-atlas (Leipzig, 1886.) for scientific books - those published in the International Scientific Series preferred.-James H. Stoller, Schenectady, N.Y. Astronomical works and reports wanted in exchange or to buy. Reports of observations on the planet Neptune and its satellite specially desired - Edmund J. Sheridan, B.A., 295 Adelphi St., Brooklyn, N. Y. to I would like to correspond with any person having Tryon's Structural and Systematic Conchology dispose of. I wish also to obtain State or U.S. Reports on Geology. Conchology, and Archæology. I will exchange classified specimens or pay cash. Also wanted a copy of MacFarlane's " Geologists' Traveling Hand-Book and Geological Railway Guide." D. E. Willard, Curator of Museum, Albion Academy, Albion, Wis. Morris's "British Butterflies," Morris's "Nests and Eggs of British Birds," Bree's "Birds of Europe" (all colored plates), and other natural history, in exchange for Shakesperiana; either books, pamphlets, engravings, or cuttings. J. D. Barnett, Box 735, Stratford, Canada. I have Anodonta opalina (Weatherby), and many other species of shells from the noted Koshkonong Lake and vicinity, also from Western New York, and fossils from the Marcellus shale of New York, which I would be glad to exchange for specimens of scientific value of any kind. I would also like to correspond with persons interested in the collection, sale, or exchange of Indian relics.D. E. Willard, Albion Academy, Albion, Wis. Will exchange "Princeton Review" for 1883, Hugh Miller's works on geology and other scientific works, for back numbers of The Auk," "American Naturalist," or other scientific periodicals or books. Write.-J. M. Keck, Chardon, Ohio. "I wish to exchange Lepidoptera with parties in the eastern and southern states. I will send western species for those found in other localities. "-P. C. Truman, Volga, Brookings Co., Dakota. Shells and curiosities for marine shells, curiosities or minerals address W. F. Lerch, No. 308 East Fourth St., Davenport, Iowa. A collection of fifty unclassified shells for the best offer in bird skins; also skins of California birds for those of birds of other localities. Address Th. E. Slevin, 2413 Sacramento St., San Francisco, Cal. I have forty varieties of birds' eggs, side blown, first class, in sets, with full data, which I will exchange for books, scientific journals, shells, and curios. Write me, stating what you have to offer. - Dr. W. S. STRODE, Bernadotte, Fulton County, Ill. I want to correspond and exchange with a collector of beetles in Texas or Florida. - Wm. D. Richardson, P.O. Box 223, Fredericksburg, Virginia. RUPTURE cured in stipulated time. NO DELAY FROM WORK. NO OPERATION. Call or send stamp for circular and reference of those cured. We have on hand over 300 styles of trusses, from $1 up, and suspensories of all kinds. Orders filled by mail or express to any part of the United States. C. A. M. BURNHAM, M.D.. 138 Clinton Place, New York. To get rid of the negative, the tablet is put away for a few hours, when all impression from the writing will have vanished. To avoid delay, several plates go with each machine. SCOTT'S EMULSION Of Pure Cod Liver Oil and HYPOPHOSPHITES of Lime and Soda is endorsed and prescribed by leading physicians because both the Cod Liver Oil and Hypophosphites are the recognized agents in the cure of Consumption. It is as palatable as milk. Scott's Emulsion Emulsion. It is a wonderful Flesh Producer. It is the Best Remedy for CONSUMPTION, Scrofula, Bronchitis, Wasting Diseases, Chronic Coughs and Colds. Ask for Scott's Emulsion and take no other. Old and Rare Books. Catalogue No. 29 nearly ready. Will contain many scarce works pertaining to Natural History, Americana, out of print books, as a whole, interesting. A. S. CLARK, 34 Park Row, New York City. I. AMERICANA. Part II. NATURAL HISTORY. ACK NUMBERS and complete sets of leading Mag azines. Rates low. AM. MAG. EXCHANGE Schoharie, N.Y. Readers of Science Corresponding or visiting with Adver CATARRH. Catarrhal Deafness-Hay Fever. A NEW HOME TREATMENT. Sufferers are not generally aware that these diseases are contagious, or that they are due to the presence of living parasites in the lining membrane of the nose and eustachian tubes. Microscopic research, however, has proved this to be a fact, and the result of this discovery is that a simple remedy has been formulated whereby catarrh, catarrhal deafness and hay fever are permanently cured in from one to three simple applications made at home by the patient once in two weeks. N.B. This treatment is not a snuff or an ointment; both have been discarded by reputable physicians as injurious. A pamphlet explaining this new treatment is sent free on receipt of stamp to pay postage, by A. H. Dixon & Son, 337 and 339 West King Street. Toronto, Canada.-Christian Advocate. Sufferers from Catarrhal troubles should carefully read the above. A Useful and Handsome Present. Prices Reduced for the Holidays. The Hulin P Fountain Ten Warranted 14 karat gold and to give perfect satisfaction-is pronounced by hundreds of pleased customers to be the best fountain pen in the market because it is always ready. Writes freely and never gets out of order. Sent by mail prepaid for $1.50, $2.00, and $2.50 each, according to size selected. These are special prices for the holidays, and this offer should be availed of by all who write. JOHN S. HULIN, M'r'g Stationer, Steam Printer, and Dealer in Useful Office Specialties, and Labor Saving Devices for Accountants. Send stamp for illustrated catalogue. No. 369 BROADWAY, New York. Wedding invitations and visiting cards engraved to order.-The very best quality of work guaranteed. The Largest, Handsomest, and Most Complete ment for Fine Commercial Work in New York City. tisers, will confer a great favor by mention-Account-Book Manufactory and Printing Establishing this paper. A New Method of Treating Disease. HOSPITAL REMEDIES. "The Week, one of the ablest papers on the continent."-Descriptive America. ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. THE WEEK: and Arts. PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY. What are they? There is a new departure in the treatment of disease. It consists in the collection of the specifics used by noted special- A Canadian Journal of Politics, Literature, Science ists of Europe and America, and bringing them within the reach of all. For instance, the treatment pursued by special physicians who treat indigestion, stomach and liver troubles only, $3.00 per Year. was obtained and prepared. The treatment of other physicians celebrated for curing catarrh was procured, and so on till these incomparable cures now include disease of the lungs, kidneys, female weakness, rheumatism and nervous de bility. $1.00 for Four Months. THE WEEK has entered on its SIXTH year of pub lication, greatly enlarged and improved in every respect, rendering it still more worthy the cordial support of every one interested in the maintenance of a first-class literary journal. THE WEEK in its enlarged form will be the same of its class on the continent. This new method of "one remedy for one disease" must appeal to the common sense of size as "Harpers' Weekly," and the largest paper all sufferers, many of whom have experienced the ill effects, and thoroughly realize the absurdity of the claims of Patent Medicines which are guaranteed to cure every ill out of a single bottle, and the use of which, as statistics prove, C. BLACKETT ROBINSON, Publisher, has ruined more stomachs than alcohol. A cir Dec. 18. The executive committee an- cular describing these new remedies is sent free on receipt of stamp to pay postage by Hospital prietors. SEND FOR FREE SAMPLE COPY. 5 Jordan St., Toronto. nounced the result of the ballot for officers Remedy Company, Toronto, Canada, sole pro-LIFE-LORE: for 1890 as follows: president, F. E. Nipher; vice-president, George Burnet; secretary, William H. Bryan; treasurer, Charles W. Melcher; directors, E. D. Meier and S. Bent Russell; librarian and manager, J. B. Johnson; manager, J. A. Seddon. Professor Nipher, on taking his seat, thanked the club for the honor conferred upon him, and expressed his intention of doing the utmost for the benefit of the club and the advancement of the profession. He then called upon retiring President Meier for an address. Col. Meier responded at some length, with a paper treating of the advances made during the year, particularly in the directions of civil, mechanical, mining, and electrical engineering. Instances of remarkable work done in these branches are noted. He also considered questions of local interest, the numerous engineering projects on hand in the vicinity, the world's fair in St. Louis viewed from an engineering standpoint, the prosperity of the club and plans for its future, and the desirability of a closer union among engineers of the country. The secretary read a communication from the chairman of the executive committee of the Liederkranz, which body has undertaken the work of erecting a monument to Capt. Microscope Stands, Oil Immersion Objectives and Abbe Condensers for Bacterial and Histological work, of Objectives, Camera Lucida and other accessory apparatus. Mineral Lands. A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF POPULAR BIOLOGY. The Subject-Matter is LIFE-Life in all its forms, plant and animal, from the "lowest" to the highest," recent and extinct. The engravings and letterpress are beautifully produced. PUBLISHED BY W. MAWER, at Essex Hall, Essex Street, Post-free for twelve months for $1.25, prepaid. NOTICES OF THE PRESS.. "Attractive in form, beautifully printed, and vigorously written."-Despatch. "We expect it will become one of our most important magazines."-Halifax Courier. "We predict a career for Life-Lore worthy of its high aims and the ability it displays."-Citizen. "It is handsomely printed; the engravings are well executed, and the matter is excellent."-Standard. "A model of what a popular scientific magazine should be gives signs of vigor and staying power."-Literary World. post of Manganese is for sale. Apply to H. scientious venture success."-Bazaar, Exchange & A valuable deposit of red James B. Eads. The communication sug- slate for sale. Apply to H. N., care of Science, gested the desirability of co-operation be- 47 Lafayette Place, New York. tween the Liederkranz and the Engineers' Club of St. Louis, in the direction indicated. President Nipher announced the receipt of a telegram from Professor Potter, stating that he had been detained, and expressing regret that it would be impossible for him to present the paper on "Fuel Gas" announced for the evening. Professor J. B. Johnson, chairman, presented a report for the committee on national public works. President Nipher announced that the proposed visit of Professor T. C. Mendenhall to the city had been deferred until about the middle of January, so that it would be necessary to defer further action about the banquet to be given him. Mr. Nils Johnson showed the club a pumpvalve which had been operated under a pressure of 550 pounds for fifteen minutes with ordinary hydrant water. "Life-Lore is the felicitous title of a new monthly magazine of natural history which seems admirably calculated to fill up a gap in our serial literature. Newcastle Daily Journal. Replete with intelligible instruction." "The first volume, which is before us, contains excellent papers and illustrations."-Graphic. "Whilst far eclipsing its one English rival in the matter of beauty of type, illustration, and paper, and an unusually strong grip."-Bayswater Chronicle. popularity of treatment, it is marked editorially by A TEMPORARY BINDER A N ANALYTICAL CHEMIST is open to an engagement in mining, metallurgy, for Science is now ready, and will be mailed calico-printing, and bleaching, or as research NEW HANDY 75 cents. Half Morocco This binder is strong, durable and elegant, has gilt side-title, and allows the opening of the pages perfectly flat. Any number can be taken out or replaced without disturbing the others, and the papers are not mutilated for subsequent permanent bind ing. Filed in this binder, Science is always convenient for reference. SELF BINDER N. D. C. HODGES, 47 Lafayette Place, N. Y. CHANCE FOR ALL GREATAMERICAN To Enjoy a Cup of Perfect Tea. A TRIAL ORDER of % pounds of Fine Tea, either Oolong. Japan, Imperial, Gunpowder, Young Hyson, Mixed, English Breakfast or Sun Sun Chop, sent by mail on receipt of $200. Be particular and state what kind T E I A of Tea you want. Greatest inducement brated Teas, Coffees and Baving Powder. For full particu Agricultural Science.. American Agriculturist.. $2.50 $5.30 1.50 4.30 American Architect and Building News Imperial edition.. 10.00 12.80 Gelatine 7.00 9.80 Regular 600 8.80 American Garden THE ever offered to get orders for our cele lars address THE GREAT AMERICAN TEA CO. P. O. Box 289. 31 and 33 Vesey St., New York. DO YOU INTEND TO BUILD? 2.50 We offer an Atlas of Sensible Low Cost 7.80 Judge... L'Art.. 5.80 Overland Monthly. 4.00 6.80 Political Science Quarterly. 3.00 5.80 Popular Science Monthly. Popular Science News. Portfolio, The.... Practitioner. Public Opinion 2.00 1.00 4.25 1.00 4.25 6.00 8.80 7.80 5.00 7.80 1.00 4.25 Puck Puck (German).. 5.00 5.00 7.80 7.80 Quarterly Review (London).. 4.00 6 80 Queries... 1.00 St. Nicholas.. Scientific American...... 3.00 3.00 5.80 7.80 2.50 5.30 3.00 5.80 6.80 1.00 1.50 4.30 H. A. DREW Commercial Printer, 37 Clinton Place, near Broadway, New York. Wedding Orders, Souvenirs, Invitations, Orders of Dance, etc., etc., done in the latest and most elaborate styles, at reasonable prices. All Favors promptly attended to. Readers of Science Any person seeking a position for which he is qualified by his scientific attainments, or any person seeking some one to fill a position of this character, be it that of a teacher of science, chemist, draughtsman, or what not, may have the Want' inserted under this head FREE OF COST, if he satisfies the publisher of the suitable character of his application. Any person seeking information on any scientific question, the address of any scientific man, or who can in any way use this column for a purpose consonant with the nature of the paper, is cordially invited to do so. Corresponding with or visiting Adver- I Waboratory in return for experience and con tisers will confer a great favor by mentior, ing the paper. WILL ASSIST in photographic or optical venience of perfecting original appliances. dress E. C. Owen, care of Gibson & Simpson, 9 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, Canada. Ad EACHING.-A young man desires a position to teach the Natural Sciences, Botany in particular, in a High or Normal School or Institute. Can also teach first Latin and German. Best of references given. Address "E," care of Science. GRADUATE OF THE JOHNS HOP ARINS UNIVERSITY desires a position as teacher of physical science. Specialty, chemistry, for which he refers to Prof. Remsen by permission. Address B. H. H., care of Science. ANTED.-To correspond with concholowith a view to exchange. Many British land, fresh water, and marine duplicates; some foreign. Address Mrs. FALLOON, Long Ashton Vicarage, Bristol, England. OLLEGE ALUMNI AND PHYSICIANS. The American Academy of Medicine is endeavoring to make as complete a list as possible of the Alumni of Literary Colleges, in the United States and Canada, who have received the degree of M.D. All recipients of both degrees, literary and medical, are requested to forward their names at once to Dr. R. J. Dunglison, Secretary, 814 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. A YOUNG MAN can have lucrative engagement, not only a fixed salary, but according to his work accomplished in travelling for SCIENCE. A personal interview invited. A N. D. C. HODGES, 47 Lafayette Place, New York. YOUNG SCOTCHMAN desires an appointment in America. Three years in English Government Office. Good references. Address "Jack" care J. Lawson & Coy, 17 Princes St., Aberdeen, Scotland. HYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. Fellow of the Mass. Med. Society, Member of the Suffolk District Medical Society, and former Assistant Editor of The Annals of Gynecology, desires a position as instructor in Physiology and Hygiene. Address "N, 47 Lafayette Place, N.Y. City. MECHANICIAN.- An optician and maker would be glad of a position where his skill of instruments of precision of experience would be valued in connection with some higher educational institution. Address G. J., care of SCIENCE, 47 Lafayette Place, New York. 'CIENCE-TEACHING. C A specialist in science-teaching, physics, chemistry, and physiography desires an engagement, preferably in a high or a normal school. Is well known as an author of several popular text-books. Address X., care of SCIENCE. WANTED.-Information concerning the handling of air from Caves, for Cooling and ventilating rooms. Address M. H." care of Science 47 Lafayette Place, N. Y. Invite special attention to their latest importations of Modern Etchings, En JAMES MCCREERY & CO. gravings, Brown's Carbon Photographs and Watercolor Paintings, also to their THE American Bell Telephone COMPANY. large collection of Rare English Mezzo- 96 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS. tints, Fancy Subjects by Bartolozzi, old Line Engravings, and Original Works by Rembrandt, Durer, and other old masters. IMPROVED OIL LIGHT MAGIC LANTERNS. JAMES MCCREERY & CO. Also Lime and Electric Light Apparatus, and mechanical, plain, and fine colored views. J. B. COLT & CO., Manufacturers, No 16 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. WALKER PRIZES IN NATURAL HISTORY. The Boston Society of Natural History offers a first prize of from $60 to $roo. and a second prize of $50, for the best memoir, in English, on one of the following sub jects: 1. On the Adaptive Resemblances of Plants in Different Natural Orders. 2. On the Processes Involved in the Production of Soils. Memoirs must be handed to the Secretary before April 15th, 1890. Prizes will not be awarded unless the papers are deemed of adequate merit. For further particulars apply to J. WALTER FEWKES, Secretary. Boston, Mass., Dec. 18th, 1889. Send for Catalogue or call and examine. More One Thousand Dollar Prize! than 40 years established in this line of business. (For Chemical Manufacturers,) MINERALS. For Blowpipe Analysis, Sold at Lowest Prices For Technical Purposes By Weight. Most varied and complete stock of fine cabinet specimens in U. S Recent additions include fine Fluorite, Calcite, Barite. Specular Iron, etc., from England; Bertrandite, Phenacite, Descloizite, Brochantite, Vanadinite, Copper Pseudomorphs after Azurite, etc., from U. S Send for complete catalogue free. GEO. L. ENGLISH & CO., Dealers in Minerals. 1512 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa Readers of Science Corresponding with or visiting Advertisers, will confer a great favor by mentioning this paper. THE AMERICAN SECULAR UNION offer a prize of ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS for the best essay, treatise, or manual, to aid teachers in our Public Schools in instructing children in the purest principles of morality without inculcating religious doctrines. For particulars apply to R. B. WESTBROOK, PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 1889. 1707 Oxford St. FOOD ADULTERATION And its Detection. With photomicrographic plates and a bibliographical appendix. By J. P. Battershall. 328 pages, 8vo, cloth. Price, $3.50. Circulars and Catalogues on application. E. & F. N. SPON, 12 Cortlandt St., New York. This Company owns the Letters Patent granted to Alexander Gra ham Bell, March 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30, 1877, No. 186,787. 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